Sun yat-sen's mausoleum friends, came to a famous historical and cultural city, you must want to see the most famous, the most distinctive local attractions. In nanjing, if did not go to sun yat-sen's mausoleum, say that you see only the half of nanjing. Although nanjing, long known as "the six dynasties ancient capital", has "jinling 40 landscape" and so on numerous scenic spots and historical sites, but sun yat-sen's mausoleum is undoubtedly one of the most attractive, one of the most famous.
Speaking of sun yat-sen's mausoleum, of course, must be mentioned in its master, the great national - the main revolutionary forerunner sun yat-sen. Mr. Sun name sun yat-sen,. Foreign friends all call him "Dr. Sun yat-sen". Because he is engaged in revolutionary activities in Japan when used pseudonym "zhongshan firewood", so he is regarded as sun yat-sen in China. Sun yat-sen was born on November 12, 1866 in xiangshan county (now zhongshan city) in guangdong province tsui a peasant family. He flew high and rare successively studied in Honolulu, Hong Kong and other places, to practice medicine in places such as guangzhou, Macao after graduation. Later he medical politics, and in Japan in 1905, the organization to China union, had been pushing for the prime minister, put forward the "drive out by lu, to restore the, the establishment of the people - the average land ownership" of the famous platform, and the "nation, civil rights, the people's livelihood" - the doctrine of three people.
On October 10, 1911 years after the outbreak of the wuchang uprising, Mr Sun was seventeen provinces represent pushing for the Chinese people - the temporary President, and the following year New Year's day was sworn into office in nanjing. Since then, has experienced the "yuan shikai mean" "second revolution" "nation sports" ups and downs, such as the "method of protection - movement in guangzhou in 1921, he became the Chinese people - the President very much. Chinese nationalist party (KMT) held in guangzhou in January 1924 the first national congress, he will be the old three people - development for the new three people -, put forward the "which was allied with Russia the peasants" of the three policy. In November the same year he came at the invitation of the feng yuxiang north discuss national plans, eventually because became ill because of overwork, died in Beijing on March 12, 1925.
Sun yat-sen's mausoleum burial site is Mr. Sun was selected. This vision, meteorological ambitious, indeed is a good place to build mausoleum. You may ask; Mr. Sun was born in guangdong, died in Beijing, all his life to travel around for the revolution, why choose nanjing as a final resting place?
It is said that as early as in 1912 as temporary President Mr. Sun, soul valley temple abbot monk is has been recommended to him the "would in the former, with green ailian" feng shui treasure. That year on March 31, Mr Zhongshan for the peaceful reunification, resolutely resigned from the presidency. One day in early April, his hunting around with hu and others to the Ming tomb, came to rest now tomb is located. Mr. Sun looked around and said to the left and right sides, after the death of my future want to the land to bury the national obtained (national begging for me after I died someday, to be a pile of soil in place for body). The purple mountain, of course, the momentum of feng shui is not Mr. Sun as the root cause of this decision. Mr Sun last asked: "after my death, can be buried in nanjing zijin foothills, for nanjing interim government was established, so don't forget the xinhai revolution." So, although Mr Sun in nanjing residence time is not long, but nanjing is has special significance for Mr. Sun. He chose nanjing purple mountain as a burial site, fundamentally speaking, is to commemorate the revolution, the revolution colleagues.
Dear visitors: before reaching the sun yat-sen's mausoleum, begin by telling you a brief introduction of sun yat-sen's life. Sun yat-sen, named sun wen, word yat-sen, engaged in revolutionary activities in Japan once known as "zhongshan firewood". He was born on November 12, 1866 in xiangshan county of guangdong province tsui (now zhongshan city), is the leader of the revolution in China. Sun yat-sen once studied abroad in his early years, in 1892 graduated from the Hong Kong institute of medicine, was once to practice medicine. Of the 20 (superscript th) century China, disaster, the qing government to sign the country with the imperialist powers of the national treaty, making China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society completely suffering abyss. * * * * witnessed the qing government, sun yat-sen resolutely give up practicing medicine, devoted to the revolution, in August 1905 and a group of bourgeois revolutionary intellectuals, organization set up in Tokyo Japan in China's modern history the first organisation with a nature of bourgeois parties "Chinese brothers", put forward the "nation, the people's livelihood, civil rights," that is, "three people's principles" revolutionary programme. From 1907 to October 1907, brothers in our country continuously launch armed uprising in south China, especially in the April 27, 1911, launched the guangzhou uprising. Guangzhou uprising, though ultimately failed, for the same year on October 10, the wuchang uprising victory laid a foundation. From then on, the provinces have, * * * * for over 20xx years of Chinese feudal monarchy, the profound and far-reaching influence of China's modern history a great revolution, the revolution.
On December 29, 1911, in the central of the interim government meeting, everybody unanimously elected sun yat-sen as the provisional President of the republic of China, to discuss China's temporary government and east of nanjing, determined for the first year of the republic of China in 1912. On January l, 1912, sun yat-sen as temporary President from Shanghai to nanjing. But because of the support of yuan shikai and revolutionary compromises, on April 1, 1912, sun yat-sen as temporary President formally, yuan shikai steal revolutionary fruit, and its capital Beijing. Revolution despite setbacks, but sun yat-sen not discouraged, continue to expand the dharma, protecting movement, movement for yuan. In January 1924, the first cooperation with the communist party of China, and put forward the "united Russia, the communist party, the peasants" of the "new three people's principles". Until late liver cancer, he still endure pain, north and feng yuxiang to discuss affairs of state. On March 12, 1925, died in Beijing due to the deterioration of liver disease.
Sun yat-sen was very like to zhong shan (mountain). As early as in 1912, as temporary President, had been hiking tour. On April 1, the same year was discharged after the post of President, here hunting, see here landscape dependencies, magnificence, had his back to rest the idea of the mountain. Dying in Beijing, he also never forget this dream, urges. Sun yat-sen buried purple mountain, of course, is not just an individual desire, there is another important reason, is that nanjing was the birthplace of the revolution and the temporary seat of government, sun yat-sen reposing in this, said the crusade against the monarchy and the resolve to continue to revolution.
In order to respect the sun yat-sen's wishes by the lady soong ching ling, son sunke composed of people such as sun yat-sen was buried in Shanghai, by publicizing award, solicitation mausoleum design scheme. In numerous candidates, the age of 33, alarm bell shape design of young architects Lv Yanzhi design was awarded the first prize. He has been hired to host all project. Lv Yanzhi is dongping county of shandong province, was born in 1894 in tianjin. Early architecture in tsinghua university after graduation, has been sent at Cornell university in the United States, at public expense by American famous designer shigeru the guidance of the Philippines, back home, open "he architecture firm" in Shanghai. In order to design, sun yat-sen memorial hall, sun yat-sen's mausoleum in nanjing and guangzhou, and hard-working. In close to the end of the project, who is suffering from liver cancer, died on March 18, 1929, at the age of 36.
Each group, we now come to the second peak of nanjing purple mountain, small maoshan foothill, here is the great pioneer of Chinese democratic revolution sun yat-sen's tomb is located - sun yat-sen's mausoleum.
Of sun yat-sen's mausoleum burial site was selected. Sun yat-sen alive in March 1925, Mr. Sun. Dying, he asked about "after my death, can be buried in nanjing zijin foothills, for nanjing interim government was established, so don't forget the xinhai revolution."
Lv Yanzhi designed by sun yat-sen's mausoleum, flat as a "MuDuo" form, shape such as clock, a symbol of the sun spirit, such as a loud bell, no far, this design is the most accord with "arouse people" meaning. In Mr Will be "buried in Shanghai" think "simple solid and completely according to the spirit of ancient Chinese architecture", to "unanimously decided to adopt", mausoleum first anniversary of the death of sun yat-sen founded on June 1, 1926, was completed in the spring of 1929.
From south to north, Zhongshan Mausoleum gradually rises along the centralaxis, followed by square, stone square, tomb path, tomb gate, stele Pavilion,memorial hall and tomb chamber.
Looking down from the air, Zhongshan Mausoleum looks like a "freedom bell"lying on the green carpet. The bronze statue of Dr. Sun Yat Sen at the foot ofthe mountain is the spire of the bell, the half moon shaped square is the arc ofthe bell, and the dome of the tomb at the top of the mausoleum is like a smoothpendulum.
Behind the stone square of Beiting is a 375 meter long and 40 meter widetomb passage. In front of the gate, there are four characters on the forehead ofthe gate, which are written in the handwriting of Sun Yat Sen: "the world is forthe public". Further into the pavilion, a 6-meter-high stone tablet is engravedwith the gilded character "on June 1, the 18th year of the Republic of China,the Chinese Kuomintang buried Mr. Sun here". Passing the pavilion is the steepstone steps, which are divided into eight sections and 392 levels.
There are two Huabiao on the highest platform of the mausoleum, followed bythe sacrificial hall. In the center of the memorial hall is the white marblestatue of Dr. Sun Yat Sen. on the four walls of the memorial hall are engravedwith the outline of the founding of the people's Republic written by Dr. Sun YatSen himself and the will written by Hu Hanmin and others.
There is a bronze door behind the memorial hall of the tomb, with the fourcharacters of "great spirit forever" written on the banner. Inside the door isthe bell shaped tomb, in the center of which is a round marble cave with adiameter of 4 meters and a depth of 5 meters. Sun Yat Sen's white jade coffinand lying statue were placed in the round cave.
There are also some memorial buildings around Zhongshan Mausoleum, whichwere invested and built by people from all walks of life and overseas Chinese atthat time, and can be used for sightseeing.
Dear tourists
hello everyone! I'm Prince Yang, guide of new century travel ome to visit Zhongshan Mausoleum with me.
Zhongshan Mausoleum is located in Nanjing, the famous ancient capital ofChina. In the long history of China, 10 dynasties and regimes have establishedtheir capitals here. Many famous people are sleeping here. The mausoleum of SunZhongshan, the great revolutionary pioneer, is located at the southern foot ofZhongshan Mountain in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. Zhongshan is the highestpeak of Ningzhen mountain range, about 460 meters above sea level, east-westtrend, about 7 kilometers long, north-south width of about 3 kilometers. Forthousands of years, various social activities have been carried out here, andmany gardens, Dizhai, temples, pagodas, altars and mausoleums have been built,leaving countless historical facts and moving legends.
On March 12, 1925, Sun Yat Sen died of liver cancer in Beijing. On hisdeathbed, he repeatedly said that he would like his body to be preserved likehis friend Lenin and buried in Nanjing Zijin Mountain. According to his will,the central executive committee of the Kuomintang unanimously decided to build amausoleum in Nanjing Zijin mountain. The design of the mausoleum was selectedthrough competition and adopted the method of sealed evaluation. Finally, thedesign of the mausoleum was evaluated The first prize is a bell pattern designedby Chinese designer LV Yanchang. The bell has the meaning of "warning" and"freedom". It symbolizes the significance and contribution of Sun Yat sen inleading the Chinese revolution. At the same time, it is consistent withZhongshan, where the mausoleum is located. In the specific design, it adopts acombination of Chinese and Western techniques, draws on the experience ofChinese ancient traditional architecture, and adopts the general design methodof central axis symmetry The plane layout, the architectural appearance ofnational form, the simple tone, the simple decoration and the large areagreening and other methods well show the solemn atmosphere of the cemetery andthe immortal spirit of Dr. Sun Yat Sen. Zhongshan Mausoleum was built in thespring of 1926. Due to the Warlord's separatist regime, the political situationwas chaotic, and the progress of the project was slow. It was only completed inMarch 1929. On June 1, 1929, a grand ceremony of Fengan was held, and all partsof the country were immersed in sorrow. Dr. Sun Yat Sen's coffin was buried inthe tomb at 12 o'clock in the sound of 101 salute guns, and a generation ofgreat men rested in the south foot of Zhongshan Mountain.
The entrance of the mausoleum is located at the southernmost end. It is astone archway with three rooms and three floors. Under the eaves of the MingDynasty, there is a plaque of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's operation "fraternity". Continueto go inside, along the path of the tomb, you can get to the Great Mausoleumgate. The mausoleum gate is 15 meters high, 24 meters wide and 8 meters deep,with extraordinary momentum In big characters, from the back of the gate of themausoleum to the stone steps and the stele Pavilion, there stands an8-meter-high stone tablet in Guifu, which is engraved with gold regular script:"the Chinese Kuomintang buried Mr. Sun here, June 1, 18, the Republic ofChina.". From the stele Pavilion further north, across the 290 steps, we canreach a large platform 135 meters wide and 30 meters deep. The platform is thecommanding height of the whole mausoleum. It has a broad vision and a myriad ofsceneries. It is not only convenient for close-up, but also suitable for distantviewing. No matter in spring, summer, autumn, winter, wind, frost, rain andsnow, nature shows people the wonderful scenery around it. In the center of theplatform is the memorial hall. On the front of the memorial hall, the eye jointof Mingjian is engraved with Dr. Sun Yat Sen's operation "heaven and earthhealthy qi". On the top of the three round ticket doors, there are six words"nation", "civil rights" and "people's livelihood". There are 12 black granitecolumns inside. To the north of the center of the memorial hall, there is awhite marble statue of the great revolutionist. The statue sits upright andlooks calm Detailed, vivid.
The majestic Zhongshan Mausoleum sets off Dr. Sun Yat Sen's great characterand immortal spirit. It is also a symbol of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's character andspirit. In the solemn atmosphere of Zhongshan Mausoleum, it expresses people'sinfinite respect for Dr. Sun Yat Sen.
Sun Yat Sen, the forerunner of China's democratic revolution!
Dear friends, when you come to a famous historical and cultural city, youmust want to see the most famous and characteristic scenic spots. When you getto Nanjing, if you don't go to Zhongshan Mausoleum, you can only see half ofNanjing city. Although Nanjing is known as the "ancient capital of SixDynasties" and has many places of interest, such as "forty scenes of Jinling",Zhongshan Mausoleum is undoubtedly one of the most attractive andwell-known.
When we talk about Zhongshan Mausoleum, we should of course mention itsowner, Dr. Sun Yat Sen, the great pioneer of China's democratic revolution. 's real name is Sun Wen and his character is Yixian. Foreign friends call him"Dr. Sun Yat Sen". Because he used the pseudonym of "Zhongshan Qiao" when he wasengaged in revolutionary activities in Japan, he was honored as Dr. Sun Yat senin China. Sun Yat Sen was born on November 12, 1866 in Cuiheng village,Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province. He had little ambition. He studied inHonolulu, Hong Kong and other places. After graduation, he practiced medicine inGuangzhou, Macao and other places. Later, he abandoned medicine and went intopolitics. In 1905, he organized the Chinese Alliance in Japan, and was electedas the leader. He put forward the famous program of "expelling prisoners,restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and averaging land rights",and the theory of "nation, civil rights, and people's livelihood". After theWuchang Uprising broke out on October 10, 1911, Mr. Sun was elected as theprovisional president of the Republic of China by the representatives of 17provinces, and was sworn in in in Nanjing on New Year's day the following e then, he has experienced many ups and downs, such as "Yuan Shikai stealingthe country", "the second revolution", "the movement to protect the country","the movement to protect the law" and so on. At the first National Congress ofthe Chinese Kuomintang held in Guangzhou in January 1924, he developed the oldthree people's principles into the new three people's principles, and putforward three major policies of "uniting Russia and the Communist Party to helpfarmers and workers". In November of the same year, at the invitation of FengYuxiang, he went north with illness to discuss the national plan. Finally, hedied in Beijing on March 12, 1925 due to chronic labor.
The tomb site of Zhongshan Mausoleum was selected by Mr. Sun. It's a goodplace to build a mausoleum because of its wide view and magnificent weather. Youmay ask: Mr. Sun was born in Guangdong, died in Beijing, and spent his wholelife traveling for the revolution. Why did he choose Nanjing as his restingplace?
It is said that as early as 1912, when Mr. Sun took office as theprovisional president, the abbot monk of Linggu Temple once recommended thisgeomantic treasure land of "Pingchuan in the front and Qingzhang in the back" March 31 of that year, in order to seek the peaceful reunification of thenorth and the south, Dr. Sun Yat Sen resolutely resigned as president. One dayin early April, he and Hu Hanmin went hunting in the area of Xiaoling Mausoleumof Ming Dynasty, and came to the site of the mausoleum to have a rest. Mr. Sunlooked around and said to the left and right, when I die in the future, I wantto ask the people for this land for burial. Of course, the momentum and FengShui of Zijin Mountain is not the fundamental reason for Mr. Sun's decision. Onhis deathbed, Mr. Sun said: "after my death, I can be buried at the foot ofZijin Mountain in Nanjing. Because Nanjing is the place where the provisionalgovernment was established, I will not forget the revolution of 1911."Therefore, although Mr. Sun's stay in Nanjing is not long, Nanjing is ofspecial significance to Mr. Sun. He chose Nanjing Zijin Mountain as the tombsite, fundamentally speaking, to commemorate the revolution of 1911 and inspirethe revolutionary colleagues.
In order to respect Mr. Sun's will, the preparatory office for Sun YatSen's burial, composed of his wife Song Qingling and Sun Ke, inspected the siteon the spot, selected the site of the mausoleum, planned a site of 20__ mu torepair the mausoleum, and published a newspaper award to collect the mausoleumdesign. Among the applicants, the bell pattern designed by young architect LVYanzhi was unanimously awarded the first prize, and he was also employed topreside over all the projects. On March 12, 1926, on the first anniversary ofMr. Sun's death, a foundation laying ceremony was held. It took more than threeyears and cost 1.5 million silver yuan. Zhongshan Mausoleum was finallycompleted in the spring of 1929. Unfortunately, Lu Yanzhi, a talented youngarchitect studying in the United States, devoted himself to the construction ofthe mausoleum. Unfortunately, he suffered from liver cancer as well as Mr. died at the end of the project at the age of 35. The Fengan ceremony was heldon June 1, 1929, and Mr. Sun's body was transported from Beijing to e then, Mr. Sun has been sleeping here for more than 60 years.
The construction of Zhongshan Mausoleum is a great event in the history ofNanjing city construction. In order to meet Mr. Sun's spiritual pivot, Nanjingbuilt the first asphalt road, Zhongshan Road, which is 24 Li long, fromZhongshan Wharf in the west to Zhongshan Gate in the East. Up to now, Zhongshanroad is still one of the main roads in Nanjing. At the same time, the ChaoyangGate of Ming Dynasty was renovated and renamed Zhongshan Gate. A cemetery roadwas built between Zhongshan Gate and Zhongshan Mausoleum. Just as Parisians areproud of the Champs Elysees and New Yorkers are proud of the Fifth Avenue,Nanjing people are most proud of the beautiful Boulevard of their city. The 3 kmlong Cemetery Road is undoubtedly the best representative of Nanjing Avenue. Onthis side of the "green corridor", Wutong is planted on the main street tree ofNanjing. People used to call it "China's Wutong", but traced back to the source,it is our native product. It was only because the French transplanted it fromYunnan to the French concession in Shanghai that they got the name of thecombination of local and foreign cultures.
After leaving Zhongshan Gate, drive along Lingyuan Road, and the end pointis the half moon square in front of Zhongshan Mausoleum. Please look south. Justsouth of the square is an octagonal stone platform. The two eared and threelegged red copper tripod on the stage, weighing 5000 kg, is 4.25 meters high and1.23 meters in diameter. It is one of the commemorative decorations of ZhongshanMausoleum. The tripod was cast in the autumn of 1933 and donated by all theteachers and students of Guangzhou Sun Yat sen University and Dai Jitao."Wisdom, benevolence and bravery" is the motto of Sun Yat sen University. Thereis a hexagonal bronze plate in the tripod, engraved with the full text of filialpiety written by Dai Mu.
Stepping up from the square, facing is a stone archway with four pillarsand three gates. Built in 1931-1933, the archway is 12 meters high and 17.3meters wide. The building blocks are made of large pieces of Fujian granite, butthey are made of traditional Chinese wood structure. When you look up, you cansee the glittering word "fraternity" in the middle of the square. These twowords are Mr. Sun's handwriting, originally from the Tang Han Yu's "originalway" of "fraternity is benevolence". It is said that Mr. Sun loved to give awaythe word "title" when he was alive. Mr. Sun devoted his whole life to thebourgeois democratic revolution with the great spirit of fraternity, and foughtfor the independence and freedom of the nation. It can be said that the word"fraternity" is a high summary and the best portrayal of his life.
Walking forward from Bo Ai Fang is a 480 meter long and tens of meters widetomb passage. The overall design of Zhongshan Mausoleum highlights thetraditional Chinese style, solemn and unique. In order to reflect sun'ssublimity and greatness, Zhongshan Mausoleum followed the ancient custom oftaking the mountain as the mausoleum, and built the tomb chamber at the highestplace of the mausoleum at an altitude of about 160 meters. In addition, thearchitectural vegetation of the whole mausoleum area is axial symmetry, whichgives people a sense of solemnity. Please look ahead. Facing north, there aremausoleum gate, stele Pavilion, sacrificial hall and tomb chamber behind thesacrificial hall. The cedars, cypresses, Ginkgo biloba and red maple on bothsides of the tomb path are opposite each other, replacing the stone man andstone beast used in ancient times, symbolizing Mr. Sun's revolutionary spiritand noble quality. Cedrus deodara is one of the four major ornamental treespecies in the world, and has become the city tree of Nanjing.
At the end of the passage is the platform. According to the design of LVYanzhi, the whole mausoleum is in the shape of "Mu Duo". Duo is what we usuallycall big bell block. In ancient times, it was used to announce religious andpolitical decrees and war orders. Duo's voice is loud, and spread far away. Ithas the metaphorical meaning of "make the world reach Tao". The selection ofsuch a scheme for the mausoleum reminds us of Mr. Sun's famous saying that "therevolution has not yet been successful, comrades still need to work hard", andits intention is also warning future generations. The platform square here isthe lower edge of the "freedom clock" designed by LV Yanzhi. This magnificentthree arch gate is the official beginning of the mausoleum. It is 16 metershigh, 27 meters wide and 8.8 meters deep. It is also made of Fujian granite. Onthe banner of Zhongmen is Sun Yat Sen's handwritten "the world is for thepublic", which comes from the book of rites. Liyun's "the journey of the road isalso the world is for the public", which means that the state power is not theworld of any family, but the world of the people and the people. This is theideal that Mr. Sun has strived for all his life and an excellent annotation ofthe three people's principles he advocated.
After the mausoleum gate is the stele Pavilion. On the 9-meter-highmonument in the center of the pavilion, there are 24 large characters with goldinlaid face, written by Tan Yankai, a veteran of the Kuomintang, "the ChineseKuomintang buried Mr. Sun here on June 1, the eighteenth year of the Republic ofChina.". At the beginning of the discussion, Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin plannedto write inscriptions and epitaphs respectively. It took two years to write. Weall think that Mr. Wang's ideological achievements can't be summarized by words,so we simply don't write inscriptions and use the present form instead.
Out of the pavilion, facing the stone steps layer upon layer. Nanjingpeople often say that the steps of Zhongshan Mausoleum are like stone lions ofLugou bridge. So visitors here often ask: how many steps does ZhongshanMausoleum have?
Dear friends, you might as well count it, OK?
In the early morning of April 24, the second and third field armies of theChinese people's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River and entered that time, the Kuomintang troops in Nanjing had retreated. After the PLA'sleading troops entered the city, they pursued forward. They found that there wasanother Kuomintang army in the cemetery, but this army was not a regular army ofthe Kuomintang, but a guard guard guarding Sun Yat Sen's mausoleum. Afterlearning of this situation, the superior leaders of the people's Liberation Armythought that the Gongwei troops guarding Zhongshan Mausoleum should be differentfrom the Kuomintang troops participating in the civil war. Then, the 105thdivision of the second field army sent a regiment political commissar LiuZhicheng to lead a group of soldiers into the cemetery. After arriving at thecemetery, they negotiated with fan Liang and other persons in charge of theGongwei office. Both sides unanimously decided that the people's Liberation Armywould be stationed in Zhongshan Mausoleum, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, LingguTemple and Zijinshan astronomical observatory. Gongwei brigade accepted theadaptation of the PLA and continued to serve as the guard of ZhongshanMausoleum. Since then, the history of Zhongshan Mausoleum has opened a newpage.
On the morning of the same day, Liu Zhicheng, political commissar of theregiment, called on the cadres of Gongwei office to make a speech, explainingthat the Communist Party has always respected Dr. Sun Yat Sen, that the PLA willstrictly protect Dr. Sun Yat Sen's mausoleum, and that the officers and soldiersof Gongwei Office will work peacefully as usual to maintain the normal order ofDr. Sun Yat Sen's mausoleum. Then, Liu Zhicheng and other people's LiberationArmy leaders, led by fan Liang, boarded Zhongshan Mausoleum and inspected thememorial hall, stele Pavilion and mausoleum gate of Zhongshan Mausoleum. Theyfound that there was no damage. At that time, the food supply of Gongwei brigadecould not be maintained, and there was still a lack of food. When Liu Zhichengheard about this situation, he immediately contacted his superiors to help themsolve their temporary difficulties.
On the 25th, all the left behind people were called to speak. On April 27,a meeting of all the cadres above the monitor of Gongwei department was held toexplain how to carry out the work under the new situation, and ordered that allthe weapons should be recorded and sent to Liu Zhengwei to the higherauthorities from now on, and all the weapons not used by each team should bedeposited with the Department. At the same time, Chen Yi, commander of the thirdfield army, wrote a warrant for "protecting Zhongshan Mausoleum" in his ownhandwriting, and sent people to Zhongshan Mausoleum. Chen Yi's warrant wasframed and placed in the mausoleum hall.
In the early days of liberation, some people who did not know the truthlistened to the rumors and thought that they could occupy the state property atwill after liberation. Some people gathered in public to illegally cut down theforest, especially in the back of the mountain. Not only did some people notlisten to persuasion and education, but they dared to surround and beat themembers of the Gongwei guard. Zhang Wensheng, the monitor, and Zhai Wenwei, themember of the Gongwei guard, were all injured. Illegal logging was particularlyrampant at night, and Dai Yuanzhen, a member of the team, was injured by a handgrenade when he was on patrol. In order to strengthen the protection ofZhongshan cemetery, the CMC decided to send the PLA to cooperate with the archguard team to strengthen the patrol. Since August 1, Yao erjue and Li Wuben ledthe public security forces to guard the forest together with the members of theformer arch guard. They also arrested 11 criminals, including Feng Qibao, wholed the illegal forest felling, and escorted them to the people's Government often districts to deal with them. As a result, the bad elements who illegallyfelled the forest in the cemetery were attacked. After September, the wind ofillegal forest felling gradually subsided.
November 12, 1949 is the first anniversary of Sun Yat Sen's birthday afterthe founding of new China. On this day, Nanjing Municipal military controlcommission and Nanjing Municipal People's government held a grand memorialceremony at Zhongshan Mausoleum. More than 500 people from all walks of life andrepresentatives from the municipal military control commission, the municipalgovernment, the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of Chinaattended the ceremony. Su Yu, director of the CMC, Ke Qingshi, vice mayor, TangLiang, deputy secretary of the CPC Nanjing Municipal Committee, Li Fangxun, WuYifang, Xu Yangqiu, Chen Zhongfan, representatives of various democratic partiesand cultural circles, as well as representatives of the people's LiberationArmy, workers and students, arrived at the Lingtang at 1:30 and stood in frontof the statue of Sun Yat Sen. The memorial ceremony began with the NationalAnthem of new China. Director Su Yu made a short speech after he presentedflowers to the statue of Sun Yat Sen. Later, the people who paid homage to SunYat Sen's tomb entered the tomb and went around Sun Yat Sen's tomb. The homageceremony ended at 12 o'clock.
Since then, people from all walks of life in Jiangsu Province and Nanjinghave come to Zhongshan Mausoleum to hold a memorial ceremony on the 12th ofMarch and the 12th of November.
National 4A tourist attractions. Originally known as the cemetery, it islocated at the south foot of Xiaomao mountain, the second peak of ZhongshanMountain. It is the mausoleum of Sun Yat Sen, the great revolutionary faces south from the north and is built close to the mountain. It is composedof a semicircular square, a memorial archway, a tomb passage, a tomb gate, astele Pavilion, a memorial hall and a tomb chamber. The tomb is 165 meters abovesea level, 700 meters from the starting plane, and 73 meters from the top to thebottom. The general plan of the whole group of buildings adopts the pattern of"Liberty Bell", which means "making the world reach the Tao". Those who look upfrom below can see that the vast forest is set off by the blue tiles and silverwalls, just like the noble righteousness of a great man, living with the grand mausoleum project was laid in March 1926 and completed in the springof 1929. On May 28 of the same year, Sun Yat Sen's coffin arrived in Nanjingfrom Beijing. On June 1, the Fengan ceremony was held in ZhongshanMausoleum.
With the efforts of relevant departments and a cost of 4 billion yuan, theZhongshan cemetery scenic spot in Nanjing has been renovated for four years. Thenewly completed scenic spots will be opened to the public free of charge. Afterthis rectification, Qianhu Park, Pipa Lake Park, meihuagu Park, XiamafangHeritage Park, Boai Park and Zhongshan sports park will be built around theoriginal core area of the scenic spot And Yingpanshan park.
From the square to the sacrificial hall, the slope of Zhongshan Mausoleumincreases step by step. From Boai square to the sacrificial hall, the elevationangle is 9 degrees. From the stele pavilion to the sacrificial hall, theelevation angle is increased to 19 degrees. There are 392 steps in ZhongshanMausoleum, which add a sense of solemnity and reverence step by step. Afterwalking the stone steps, you can reach the platform. Looking back, you can't seeany stone steps. You can only see that the eight platforms are connected as flatground. When you stand on the platform and look up, you can see all the peaks atyour feet. You can have a panoramic view of the cemetery. The hills are emerald,the pines and cypresses are green, the pavilions are magnificent.
The new Qianhu park is located at the foot of the wall of Mingcheng City,north of Zhongshan Botanical Garden, displaying more than 20__ kinds of tropicalplants; meihuagu Park, which is expanded from Meihuashan, covers an area of 1533mu, with more than 350 varieties of Meihua, increasing from 15000 to nearly40000. Xiamafang heritage park takes the 1.1km long Xiaoling Shinto as the mainline. Along the line, there are three groups of stone buildings and a largenumber of precious stone relics of Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as newlyunearthed high relief dragon stone tablet, Guanyin Pavilion big stone wall,Kangxi "fengzhimiansanze tablet", which are of great ornamental value.
各位遊客：我們現在來到了中山陵。它於1920xx年1月15日破土動工，歷時三年多，耗資220餘萬銀元，於1920xx年春竣工。孫先生的遺體是1920xx年6月1日從北京運抵這裡的。整個陵區的面積達83600多平方米，主要建築由牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭臺和墓室等組成。根據呂彥直的設計，整個陵區平面呈警鐘形，給人以警鐘長鳴、發人深醒的啟迪。孫中山先生在臨終遺囑中說，他致力於國民革命四十年，深知欲達到此目的，必須喚起民眾。呂彥直的警鐘形設計，寓意深刻，最貼切地表達了“喚起民眾”之意。
中山陵作為一座陵墓，呂彥直在設計上繼承了我國傳統的陵墓建築風格，如依山為陵，保留牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭堂等中國古代陵墓中常用的基本建築格局，但又剔除了古代帝王陵墓中屬於封建糟粕一類的東西，如摒棄用於顯示古代帝王威嚴的石人石獸，同時吸取西方建築的一些先進技藝。整個構思的確稱得上是古為今用，洋為中用，別具匠心，巧奪天工。
今年夏天，我和爸爸一起去了南京遊玩那裡的景點，我十分高興。
一天，我們滿懷著興致，遊中山陵。出中山門，是一條林陰大道。道路兩旁一棵棵高大的梧桐樹把道路上的天空遮掩的嚴嚴實實。
啊!中山陵到了，導遊說：“中山陵是偉大的民主革命先行者孫中山先生的陵墓，他的陵墓是依山而建的，高差70米，有392級石階和平臺10個。”我們先來到了陵門，陵門全部是用花崗岩建成的，屋頂上覆蓋著藍色琉璃瓦，陵門有三道拱門，中門門額上刻有孫中山手跡“天下為公”四個金黃色的大字。從陵門出來，就到了碑亭，石碑正面寫著“國民黨葬孫中山先生與此。”導遊對我們說：“石碑很特殊，它的後面沒有碑文，本來，是讓汪精衛、胡漢民這兩個人來寫碑文的，可是，他們討論後，說：‘此人一身功過，自由後人評價。’所以沒有寫碑文。”出了碑亭，我看見了海拔158米的祭堂，我們就開始爬樓梯，過了半小時，我們終於到達了祭堂的平臺，前面在底下看上面是許多級石梯，現在從上面向下看卻只能看到是個平臺。祭堂門楣上方繡刻著“民族”、“民權”、“民生”這六個大字，這就是三民主義，大廳正中有法國大雕刻家塑孫中山漢白玉一尊。東西兩旁有《建國大綱》全文，我從裡面知道了國民黨的一些知識。
我喜歡中山陵。
各位遊客：我們現在來到了中山陵。它於1920_年1月15日破土動工，歷時三年多，耗資220餘萬銀元，於1920_年春竣工。孫先生的遺體是1920_年6月1日從北京運抵這裡的。整個陵區的面積達83600多平方米，主要建築由牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭臺和墓室等組成。根據呂彥直的設計，整個陵區平面呈警鐘形，給人以警鐘長鳴、發人深醒的啟迪。孫中山先生在臨終遺囑中說，他致力於國民革命四十年，深知欲達到此目的，必須喚起民眾。呂彥直的警鐘形設計，寓意深刻，最貼切地表達了“喚起民眾”之意。
中山陵作為一座陵墓，呂彥直在設計上繼承了我國傳統的陵墓建築風格，如依山為陵，保留牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭堂等中國古代陵墓中常用的基本建築格局，但又剔除了古代帝王陵墓中屬於封建糟粕一類的東西，如摒棄用於顯示古代帝王威嚴的石人石獸，同時吸取西方建築的一些先進技藝。整個構思的確稱得上是古為今用，洋為中用，別具匠心，巧奪天工。
各位朋友，孫中山先生一生為革命奮鬥，推翻了兩千多年的封建帝制，晚年又採取聯俄聯共扶助農工三大政策，建立了偉大的功勳，也贏得了中外進步人士的廣泛擁戴和頌揚。解放後，中山陵受到國家高度重視，1961年被國務院公佈為國家級文物保護單位。
如今，作為“中國旅遊勝地四十佳”之一的中山陵，每年接待著來自世界各地的無數炎黃子孫與國際友人。人們懷著對中山先生偉大精神的崇敬與景仰來到這裡憑弔拜謁。在兩岸統一成為大勢所趨、人心所向的今天，面對目前海峽兩岸的現狀，海內外炎黃子孫都衷心期盼著祖國統一、繁榮昌盛的那一天早日到來。彼時彼刻，倘若孫中山先生泉下有知，必會含笑長眠的。謝謝大家!
國家4A級旅遊景區。原名陵園，位於鐘山第二峰小茅山南麓，是偉大的革命先行者孫中山的陵墓。它坐北朝南，依山而築，由半圓形廣場、牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭堂和墓室組成。墓室在海拔165米處，與起點平面距離700米，上下落差73米。整組建築總平面取“自由鍾”圖案，表“使天下皆達道”之義。瞻仰者由下仰望，但見浩瀚林海襯映著碧瓦銀牆，宛如偉人之浩然正氣，與大地同存。恢巨集的陵墓工程於1920xx年3月奠基，1920xx年春竣工。同年5月28日，孫中山靈柩由北京運抵南京，6月1日在中山陵舉行奉安大典。
經過相關部門的著手打造，耗資40億元，大力整治長達四年之久的南京中山陵園風景區，近日完工後的新景點將陸續向公眾免費開放，經過此次整頓之後，在原有的景區核心區周邊新建成前湖公園、琵琶湖公園、梅花谷公園、下馬坊遺址公園、博愛園、鐘山運動園、營盤山公園等7座各具特色的公園。
中山陵自廣場至祭堂坡度逐段加大，由博愛坊望祭堂，仰角為9度，由碑亭仰望祭堂，仰角提高到19度，中山陵392級臺階，拾級而上，步步增添莊重、崇敬之感。走完石階到達大平臺，回首俯視則一個石階也看不見了，只見其間的八個平臺連成一片，如同平地，當你站在大平臺上，舉目遠眺，群峰皆居腳下，陵園景色盡收眼底，崗巒疊翠，松柏蒼蒼，亭臺樓閣，氣象萬千。
此次新建的前湖公園位於明城牆腳下的北臨中山植物園，展示20xx多種熱帶植物;梅花山擴建而成的梅花谷公園佔地1533畝，梅花由1.5萬株增加到近4萬株，品種達350多個，成為“天下第一梅山”。而下馬坊遺址公園以1.1公里長的孝陵神道為主線，沿線分佈三組石刻建築和新出土不久的高浮雕龍紋石碑、觀音閣大石壁、康熙“奉旨免三則碑”等大量明清珍貴石刻文物，極有觀賞價值。
尊敬的各位遊客，大家好!我是“新世紀”旅行社的導遊王子陽，歡迎大家跟隨我來參觀中山陵。
中山陵位於浩蕩的大江之濱，坐落在我國著名的古都——南京，在源遠流長的中國歷史發展長河中，有10個朝代和政權先後在此建都，許多叱吒風雲的著名人物長眠在這裡，偉大的革命先驅孫中山先生的陵墓就位於南京東郊的鐘山南麓。鐘山是寧鎮山脈的最高峰，海拔約460米，東西走向，長約7千米，南北寬度約3千米。千百年來，這裡進行過種種社會活動，建成了許多園林、第宅、寺塔、壇臺和陵墓，留下了無數可歌可泣的史實和動人的傳說。
1920xx年3月12日，孫中山因患肝癌醫治無效與北京逝世，臨終前一再表示，願其遺體如友人列寧一樣得以儲存，歸葬南京紫金山，根據他的遺願，國民黨中央執行委員會一致決定在南京紫金山建陵，陵園的設計方案是通過競爭入選的，採取了密封評議的方式，最後，評出首獎是中國設計師呂彥昌設計的鐘形圖案，鐘有“示警”和“自由”的含義，它象徵著孫中山領導中國革命的意義和貢獻，同時又與陵墓所在地鐘山相吻合，在具體設計上，採取了中西合璧的手法和技術，汲取了中國古代傳統建築中的經驗，採用了中軸對稱的總平面佈局，民族形式的建築外觀，淳樸的色調，簡潔的裝修和大面積綠化等方法，很好的表現了陵園的莊嚴氣氛和和孫中山先生的不朽精神。中山陵於1920xx年春動工興建，中間由於軍閥割據，政局混亂，工程進展緩慢，至1920xx年3月方才竣工，1920xx年6月1日舉行了盛大隆重的奉安大點，全國各地都沉浸在悲哀之中，孫中山先生的靈柩於12時，在101響禮炮聲中，葬入墓穴，一代偉人就此安息在鐘山南麓。
陵墓的入口位於最南端，是一座三間三樓琉璃瓦頂的石牌坊，在明間的簷下，懸掛著孫中山先生的手術“博愛”橫匾一方，繼續向裡，沿著墓道，便到大陵門，陵門高15米，寬24米，深8米，氣勢非凡，正中拱門楣上鐫刻著中山先生親筆書寫的“天下為公”幾個金光大字，循陵門後至石階及至碑亭，亭內在龜趺上立8米高的石碑一座，上刻鑲金楷書“中國國民黨葬孫先生於此，中華民國十八年六月一日”。自碑亭再往北，跨過290級的臺階便登上了寬135米，深30米的大平臺，平臺是全陵的制高點，這裡視野開闊，氣象萬千，既便近觀，又宜遠眺，無論春夏秋冬，風霜雨雪，大自然都向人們展示其周圍變幻無窮的奇妙景色。平臺中央，便是祭殿，祭堂正面明間的雙眼連線處刻有中山先生的手術“天地正氣”，三個圓券門上方，鐫刻著“民族”“民權”“民生”六字，呈內有12根黑色花崗石圓柱，護壁為黑色大理石，左右壁上刻有中山先生的《國民政府建國大綱》全文，堂中央偏北處，置有這位偉大的革命家的白色大理石像一尊，雕像端坐平視，神態安詳，栩栩如生。
巍巍中山陵，巍巍的氣勢襯托了孫中山先生的偉大品格，不朽精神，也可以所，它是孫中山品格與精神的象徵，在中山陵肅穆的氛圍中，寄託了人們對孫中山先生的無限敬仰
各位朋友，來到一座歷史文化名城，你們一定想去看看當地最有名氣、最具特色的景點吧，到了南京，如果沒去中山陵，可以說你只看到了半個南京城。儘管南京素有“六朝古都”之稱，擁有“金陵四十景”等眾多名勝古蹟，但中山陵無疑是其中最具吸引力、最有知名度的一個。
說起中山陵，當然要提到它的主人—偉大的中國民主革命先行者孫中山先生。孫先生本名孫文，字逸仙。外國友人都稱呼他為“孫逸仙博士”。因為他在日本從事革命活動時曾用過“中山樵”的化名，所以他在國內被尊稱為孫中山先生。孫中山1866年11月12日出生於廣東香山縣(今中山市)翠亨村的一個農民家庭。他少有大志，先後求學於檀香山、香港等地，畢業後在廣州、澳門等地行醫。後來他棄醫從政，並於1920xx年在日本組織中國同盟會，被推舉為總理，提出了“驅除韃虜，恢復中華，建立民國，平均地權”的著名綱領，及“民族、民權、民生”的三民主義學說。1920xx年10月10日武昌起義爆發後，孫先生被十七省代表推舉為臨時大總統，並於次年元旦在南京宣誓就職。此後，經歷了“袁世凱竊國”、“二次革命”、“護國運動”和“運動”等風風雨雨，1920xx年他在廣州就任非常大總統。在1920xx年1月廣州召開的中國國民黨第一次全國代表大會上，他將舊三民主義發展為新三民主義，提出了“聯俄聯共扶助農工”的三大政策。同年11月他應馮玉祥之邀抱病北上討論國家大計，終因積勞成疾，於1920xx年3月12日在北京逝世。
中山陵的墓址是孫先生生前選定的。這裡視野開闊，氣象雄偉，的確是建造陵墓的好地方。你們也許會問：孫先生出生於廣東，逝世在北京，畢生為革命奔波於各地，為什麼要選擇南京作為自己的長眠之地呢?據說，早在1920xx年孫先生就任臨時大總統時，靈谷寺的住持和尚就曾向他推薦過這塊“前臨平川，後擁青嶂”的風水寶地。當年3月31日，中山先生為求南北和平統一，毅然辭去總統之職，4月初的一天，他與胡漢民等人到明孝陵一帶打獵，來到現陵墓所在地休息。孫先生環顧四周，對左右說，我將來死後，想向國民求得這塊土地以安葬(待我他日辭世後，願向國民乞一抔土以安置軀殼爾)。當然，紫金山的氣勢風水還不是孫先生作此決定的根本原因。孫先生臨終前囑咐：“吾死之後，可葬於南京紫金山麓，因南京為臨時政府成立之地，所以不忘辛亥革命也。”因此，儘管孫先生在南京停留時間並不長，但南京對於孫先生是具有特殊意義的。他選擇南京紫金山為墓址，從根本上說，是為了紀念辛亥革命，激勵革命同仁。
為尊重孫先生的遺願，由孫夫人宋慶齡、孫科等人組成的孫中山葬事籌備處實地察看，選好陵址，劃地20xx畝修墓，又登報懸獎，徵集陵墓設計方案。在眾多應徵者中，青年建築師呂彥直設計的鐘形圖案被一致評為首獎，他本人也被聘主持全部工程。1920xx年3月12日孫先生逝世一週年之際，舉行了奠基典禮。歷時3年多，耗資150萬銀元，中山陵終於在1920xx年春竣工。令人惋惜的是，留學美國、才華橫溢的青年建築師呂彥直在主持建陵過程中，嘔心瀝血，鞠躬盡瘁，不幸與孫先生一樣身患肝癌，在工程臨近尾聲時病逝，年僅35歲。1920xx年6月1日舉行奉安大典，孫先生的遺體從北京運到南京。從此60餘年，孫先生一直長眠在這裡。
中山陵的建造可以說是南京城建設史上的一件大事。當年為了迎接孫先生靈柩，南京修築了第一條柏油馬路—西起中山碼頭，東至中山門，長達24裡的中山路。直到今天，中山路依然是南京最主要的交通幹道之一。同時改造翻修了明代城門朝陽門，並改名為中山門。在中山門到中山陵之間還修築了一條陵園路。如同巴黎人以香榭里舍大道為驕傲，紐約人為第五大街而自豪一樣，南京人對自己城市美麗的林蔭大道最是得意。而這條長達3公里的陵園路無疑正是南京林蔭道的最佳代表。在這條“綠蔭長廊”兩側，種植著南京最主要的行道樹——梧桐。人們習慣上稱它為法國梧桐，但追根溯源起來，它可是我們中國的“土特產”，只因當年法國人將它從雲南移植到上海法租界，才得了現在這麼一個土洋結合的名字。
車出中山門，沿陵園路行駛，終點便是中山陵前的半月形廣場。大家請，朝南看，廣場正南是一座八角形石臺。臺上那尊雙耳三足的紫銅寶鼎，重5000公斤，高4.25米，腹徑1.23米，是中山陵紀念性裝飾之一。此鼎鑄於1933年秋，由廣州中山大學全體師生和戴季陶捐贈。鼎一面鑄有“智、仁、勇”三個字，是中山大學校訓。鼎內豎有一塊六角形銅牌，上刻戴母手書《孝經》全文。
由廣場踏階而上，迎面是一座四楹三闕門的沖天式石牌坊。這座牌坊建於1931～1933年，高12米，寬17.3米。建坊用的都是大塊福建花崗岩，但採用的卻是中國傳統木結構形式。大家抬頭可以望見坊額正中金光閃閃的“博愛”兩字。這兩個字是孫先生的手跡，原出自唐韓愈《原道》“博愛之為仁”一語，據說孫先生生前最愛題這兩宇送人。孫先生畢生以偉大的博愛精神致力於資產階級民主革命，為民族的獨立自由奮鬥不息，可以說“博愛”二字正是對他一生的高度概括和最好寫照。
由博愛坊向前走，是一段長480米，寬數十米的墓道。中山陵的整體設計，突出中國的傳統風格，莊嚴肅穆，獨具特色。為了體現孫先生的崇高偉大，中山陵沿用了古代依山為陵的慣例，將墓室築於海拔約160米的全陵最高處。此外，整個陵區的建築植被講求中軸對稱，更給。人以法度莊嚴之感。請大家向前看，朝北順坡而上，依次有陵門、碑亭、祭堂和祭堂後的墓室等建築。而墓道兩邊的這些雪松、檜柏、銀杏、紅楓兩兩相對，代替了古代慣用的石人石獸，象徵著孫先生的革命精神和高尚品質。雪松是世界四大觀賞樹種之一，現已成為南京市的市樹。墓道盡頭是平臺。根據呂彥直的設計，整個陵墓平面為“木鐸”形。鐸，就是平常我們說的大鈴鐺。在古代它是用來宣佈政教法令和戰爭令的。鐸的聲音巨集亮，而且傳得很遠，有“使天下皆達道”的喻義。陵墓選用這樣一個圖式，讓人不禁想起孫先生“革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力”的名言，其用意也正在警示後人。這裡的平臺廣場就是當年呂彥直設計的“自由之鐘”的下緣。這座巨集偉的三拱門，是陵區的正式開端。它高16米，寬27米，進深8.8米，也是用福建花崗岩築成的。中門橫額上是孫中山手書“天下為公”，出自《禮記.禮運》中的“大道之行也，天下為公”，意思是說國家不是哪一家的天下，而是天下人的天下，老百姓的天下。這是孫先生畢生奮鬥的理想，也是他所倡導的三民主義的極好註解。
過了陵門便是碑亭。亭正中這塊9米高的巨碑上，刻有國民黨元老譚延闓手書的“中國國民黨葬總理孫先生於此十八年六月一日”24個鎦金顏體大字。當初討論立碑時，計劃由汪精衛、胡漢民等人分別撰寫銘文、墓誌銘等。可花了兩年時間也沒寫出來。大家都認為先生的思想功績是文字所無法概括的，於是索性不寫銘文，改用現在的形式。
出碑亭，迎面石階層層疊疊。南京人常說中山陵的臺階像是盧溝橋的石獅子——數不清。所以來這兒遊覽的客人常常要問：中山陵究竟有多少級臺階呢?
各位朋友，大家不妨也來數數看，怎麼樣?
來到臨近頂端的平臺，可以看見一對大銅鼎，上刻“奉安大典”字樣，是當時上海市政府捐贈的。大家仔細看，會發現在左邊那個鼎下面有兩個洞。為什麼會這樣呢?原來這是1937年末日軍攻佔南京時向中山陵炮擊造成的，這兩個洞就是當時留下的彈洞。如今雖時過境遷，但這兩個彈洞仍時時提醒我們莫忘國恥。距此不遠的前方還有一對仿古青銅鼎，那是.由孫先生的兒子孫科一家敬贈的。
拾級而上，終於登上頂臺。由此既可鳥瞰，更宜遠眺。置身此間，背倚巍巍鐘山，耳聽陣陣松濤，更覺偉人的浩然正氣與大自然同存。祭堂處在鐘山半山腰，從博愛坊到祭堂總共有392級臺階，高差約70米，平面距離700米。如從碑亭數起則有290級臺階。建築師為避單調，將這392級臺階分作10段，每段1個平臺，總計有大小10個平臺。更妙的是，從下向上看時一望到頂，石階連綿不斷，不見平臺;而各位現在朝下看時，卻反而不見臺階，只見平臺了。這392級的數字並非巧合，而是暗喻了當時全中國三億九幹二百萬同胞。一路登行，“高山仰止，景行行止”，對中山先生敬仰之情不禁油然而生。
現在大家面對的就是祭堂和墓室，這是陵墓的主體部分。當年呂彥直督建至此，就因身患絕症而逝，常令後人發出“出師未捷身先死”之嘆。祭堂是仿木結構宮殿式建築，長30米，闊25米，高29米，四周有堡壘式的小建築物，並有兩座高12.6米的華表拱衛。祭堂屋頂為重簷九脊，上覆藍色琉璃瓦，外牆全用香港花崗岩砌成。祭堂門額上有“民族”、“民生”、“民權”陽文篆字，這是孫先生從事革命活動最基本最概括的指導思想。居中的“民生”門楣上端，又有孫中山手書的“天地正氣”四字直額。
請各位跟我進入祭堂。祭堂內部以雲南產白黑色大理石鋪地。堂內有直徑0.8米的黑色石柱12根，四周牆壁下嵌黑色大理石。大家可以看見東西兩壁上所刻的孫中山手書《建國大綱》全文。整個祭堂以黑白藍色為基調，均為中國傳統孝色。而鑲嵌彩色玻璃的內窗，在陽光照射下卻顯出另一番西洋風味。如此中西合壁的風格，正與孫先生融貫中西的精神氣度相契合。祭堂正中是孫中山著長袍馬褂的石刻全身坐像，像高4.6米，底座闊2.1米。這座雕像是當時世界著名的法籍波蘭雕刻家保羅.阿林斯基受孫中山葬事委員會之託，用義大利白石雕刻而成，並於1930年從巴黎運至中山陵的，全部造價150萬法郎。坐像下四面的6幅浮雕是截取了孫先生從事革命活動的六個片斷。它們分別是“如抱赤子”、“出國宣傳”、“商討革命”、“國會授印”、“振聾發聵”和“討袁護國”。經過祭堂來到墓室。墓門分兩道，第一道是兩扇美國產的紫銅保險門，門上的門釘和銅環上的神獸(椒圖)極富中國傳統特色，門楣上刻“浩氣長存”橫額，取孫中山為黃花崗烈土墓所書手跡。第二道門為獨扇銅門，上刻張靜江所寫“孫中山先生之墓”七個篆字。
墓室是半球形封閉建築，頂呈西式穹隆狀，以馬賽克鑲成國民黨黨徽圖案。室內圓形，鋪以大理石，直徑約18米，高11米，四壁以淡紅色大理石貼面。正中的圓形大理石壙，直徑4.33米，深1.7米，四周圍是1米高的白色大理石欄杆。壙內墓穴上安放著孫先生穿中山裝的大理石臥像，這是捷克雕塑家高琪按孫先生的遺體形象所作。孫先生的紫銅棺就安放在臥像下5米左右處。為什麼祭堂內的坐像身著長袍馬褂，而這裡卻改穿中山裝了呢?原來當年國民黨內左右兩派矛盾尖銳，以蔣介石為首的右派主張塑像穿長袍馬褂;而左派則主張穿中山裝。兩派意見不合，結果各搞各的，就出現了上述情況。
各位朋友，孫先生的遺體究竟是否還在中山陵，這是每一位來這裡的遊客最關心的問題。事實上，自孫先生逝世後，他的遺體的確是歷經磨難。1920xx年3月12日孫先生逝世時，他的遺體經過防腐處理，暫時被安置在北京香山碧雲寺。1920xx年，被北伐軍打敗逃到北京的軍閥張宗昌，把失敗的原因歸咎為孫先生的遺體壓住了他的風水。於是他打算要焚化遺體。後經愛國將領張學良派兵保護，遺體才得以儲存，但已受到空氣侵蝕。1920xx年5月28日靈柩由津浦鐵路從北京運抵浦口，6月1日運達中山陵。奉安大典儀式完畢後，即用水泥將靈柩澆入壙中。墓穴用花崗岩墊底，四周建隔牆，紫銅棺下有一特製楠木墊，棺上有一層密封著的水晶透明板。當年公祭時，站在石壙邊，扶欄即可瞻仰中山先生遺容。抗戰爆發後，國民黨政府曾準備將遺體運往重慶;解放戰爭後期，蔣介石又曾想將遺體遷往臺灣，但由於爆破墓穴勢必會損壞遺體，因而受到工程界愛國人士和國民黨左派的極力勸阻，終於使遺體得以安然儲存至今。
沿祭堂外廣場兩側後壁有一道門，通向墓堡公園。中為墓室寶頂，呈覆鐘形。墓堡後牆設有“中山陵建設史料展”，近200幅珍貴歷史資料展現了中山陵的建設和中山先生的遺體奉安全過程。
除了陵墓主體建築外，中山陵周圍還有一些紀念性建築設施，包括藏經樓、音樂臺、光化亭、行健亭、仰止亭、流徽榭等等。它們大多是1920xx年奉安大典後，各界人士和海外僑胞友人捐款修建而成。另外，位於梅花山頂的博愛閣，是一位臺灣同胞捐資興建的，於1993年11月12日孫先生誕辰127週年時落成。
各位朋友，孫中山先生一生為革命奮鬥，推翻了兩千多年的封建帝制，晚年又採取聯俄聯共扶助農工三大政策，建立了偉大的功勳，也贏得了中外進步人士的廣泛擁戴和頌揚。解放後，中山陵受到國家高度重視，1961年被國務院公佈為國家級文物保護單位。
如今，作為“中國旅遊勝地四十佳”之一的中山陵，每年接待著來自世界各地的無數炎黃子孫與國際友人。人們懷著對中山先生偉大精神的崇敬與景仰來到這裡憑弔拜謁。在兩岸統一成為大勢所趨、人心所向的今天，面對目前海峽兩岸的現狀，海內外炎黃子孫都衷心期盼著祖國統一、繁榮昌盛的那一天早日到來。彼時彼刻，倘若孫中山先生泉下有知，必會含笑長眠的。謝謝大家!
各位朋友，來到一座歷史文化名城，你們一定想去看看當地最有名氣、最具特色的景點吧。到了南京，如果沒去中山陵，可以說你只看到了半個南京城。儘管南京素有"六朝古都"之稱，擁有"金陵四十景"等眾多名勝古蹟，但中山陵無疑是其中最具吸引力、最有知名度的一個。
說起中山陵，當然要提到它的主人--偉大的中國民主革命先行者孫中山先生。孫先生本名孫文，字逸仙。外國友人都稱呼他為"孫逸仙博士"。因為他在日本從事革命活動時曾用過"中山樵"的化名，所以他在國內被尊稱為孫中山先生。孫中山1866年11月12日出生於廣東香山縣(今中山市)翠亨村的一個農民家庭。他少有大志，先後求學於檀香山、香港等地，畢業後在廣州、澳門等地行醫。後來他棄醫從政，並於1920xx年在日本組織中國同盟會，被推舉為總理，提出了"驅除按虜，恢復中華，建立民國，平均地權"的著名綱領，及"民族、民權、民生"的三民主義學說。1920xx年10月10日武昌起義爆發後，孫先生被十七省代表推舉為中華民國臨時大總統，並於次年元旦在南京宣誓就職。此後，經歷了"袁世凱竊國""二次革命""護國運動""護法運動"等風風雨雨，1920xx年他在廣州就任中華民國非常大總統。在1920xx年1月廣州召開的中國國民黨第一次全國代表大會上，他將舊三民主義發展為新三民主義，提出了"聯俄聯共扶助農工"的三大政策。同年11月他應馮玉祥之邀抱病北上討論國家大計，終因積勞成疾，於1920xx年3月12日在北京逝世。
中山陵的墓址是孫先生生前選定的。這裡視野開闊，氣象雄偉，的確是建造陵墓的好地方。你們也許會問;孫先生出生於廣東，逝世在北京，畢生為革命奔波於各地，為什麼要選擇南京作為自己的長眠之地呢?
дорогие друзья, приезжайте в известный город культуры и истории.обязательно посмотрите на самые известные и уникальные местныедостопримечательности. приезжая в нанкин, если не в чжуншань, можно сказать, чтовы видели только половину Нанкина. Несмотря на то, что нанкин всегда назывался"древняя столица шести династий", есть много достопримечательностей, таких как"золотой гробницы 40 пейзаж", но чжуншань, несомненно, является одним изнаиболее привлекательных и знаменитых.
Говоря о горных горах Китая, следует, конечно же, упомянуть своего хозяина- сунь ятсена, пионера великой демократической революции Китая. Сунь вэнь, суньвэнь иностранные друзья называли его "Д - р Сун иффей". Потому что во времясвоей революционной деятельности в Японии он использовал псевдоним "дровосекНакаяма", поэтому его в стране называют сунь ятсеном. сунь ятсен родился 12ноября 1866 года в деревне цуйхен уезда шэньшань провинции Гуандун. У него малоамбиций, он начал учиться в Гонолулу, гонконге и других местах, после окончанияшколы в гуанчжоу, Макао и других местах медицинской практики. Впоследствии онотказался от политики врачевания и в 1905 году организовал в Японии союз китая,который был избран в качестве премьер - министра, представил знаменитуюпрограмму "изгнания круп, восстановления Китая, создания Республики, среднегоправа на землю" и "национальность, гражданские права, жизнь" доктриныТройственного национализма. после начала интифады у чан 10 октября 1911 года, г- н Сунь был избран представителями 17 провинций в качестве временногопрезидента Китайской Республики, а новый год был приведен к присяге в Нанкине.После этого, он пережил "Юань Шикай юэ", "Вторая революция", "Движение стран","движение по защите права" и другие штормы, в 1921 году он вступил в гуанчжоу сочень большим президентом Китайской Республики. В январе 1924 года в гуанчжоусостоялся первый всекитайский съезд Гоминьдана Китая, он превратил старый триумфв новый триумф, выдвинул три основные направления политики "Союз СоветскихСоциалистических Республик (ФСР) в поддержку сельскохозяйственных рабочих". Вноябре того же года он по приглашению фэн юйсяна на севере страны, чтобыобсудить государственный план, в конце концов, из - за накопившейся болезни,умер в пекине 12 марта 1925 года.
гробница чжуншань была выбрана г - ном Сунь до его рождения. здесь широкийкругозор, великолепная погода, действительно хорошее место для возведениямавзолей. Вы можете спросить: господин Сунь родился в Гуандуне, умер в пекине,жизнь в революционных скачках по всему миру, почему вы выбрали нанкин в качествесвоего спящего места?
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