演說題目：Questioning the universe
演說者：Stephen Hawking
There is nothing bigger or older than the universe. The questions I would like to talk about are: one, where did we come from? How did the universe come into being? Are we alone in the universe? Is there alien life out there? What is the future of the human race?
沒什麼比宇宙更廣大更久遠的了。你們的問題中我想聊一下的是：你我何從?宇宙何來?宇宙中就只有我們?有外星異生物麼?人類的未來將會如何?
Up until the 1920s, everyone thought the universe was essentially static and unchanging in time. Then it was discovered that the universe was expanding. Distant galaxies were moving away from us. This meant they must have been closer together in the past. If we extrapolate back, we find we must have all been on top of each other about 15 billion years ago. This was the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe.
上世紀20xx年代之前，所有人都以為宇宙基本上是處於穩態，流金歲月，持恆不變。之後我們發現原來宇宙正在膨脹中。遼遠星系一直飛離我們，這意味著它們必定曾相靠近。我們若往後推算，就會發現我們必都曾於約150億年前，互相堆疊在一起。正是這 "霹靂大爆炸" ——宇宙之起始。
But was there anything before the Big Bang? If not, what created the universe? Why did the universe emerge from the Big Bang the way it did? We used to think that the theory of the universe could be divided into two parts. First, there were the laws like Maxwell's equations and general relativity that determined the evolution of the universe, given its state over all of space at one time. And second, there was no question of the initial state of the universe.
然而大爆炸前可有什麼嗎?若是沒有，又是什麼創造宇宙呢?宇宙緣何要從大霹靂中冒出呢?過往我們都認為宇宙論可分成兩部分，首先，是定律。像“麥克斯韋方程組”'和 “廣義相對論”以其於同一刻設定整個時空之狀態，而決定了宇宙之演化程序。次之，是對宇宙雛形的疑問。
We have made good progress on the first part, and now have the knowledge of the laws of evolution in all but the most extreme conditions. But until recently, we have had little idea about the initial conditions for the universe. However, this division into laws of evolution and initial conditions depends on time and space being separate and distinct.
第一部分我們取得良好進展，除了“至極端境況”'以外。現在已對演化規律於所有境況下之程序有所掌握。可直至最近，我們仍對宇宙初生當時之周圍條件不甚了了。然而，這演化律及初始條件之界分，乃囿於"時 空分明"之概念內。
Under extreme conditions, general relativity and quantum theoryallow time to behave like another dimension of space. This removes the distinction between time and space, and means the laws of evolution can also determine the initial state. The universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing.
而於極端條件下，廣義相對論及量子論容許“時間”如同“空間”的另一維度般運作。這就將“時.空”之間區別移除了，即是說演化律 亦可決定初始狀態。宇宙可以由無變有自我創生!
Moreover, we can calculate a probability that the universe was created in different states. These predictions are in excellent agreement with observations by the WMAP satellite of the cosmic microwave background, which is an imprint of the very early universe. We think we have solved the mystery of creation. Maybe we should patent the universe and charge everyone royalties for their existence.
我們甚至可以計算出宇宙在不同情況下誕生的可能性。這些推論與WMAP衛星所觀測到的宇宙微波背景輻射(即大爆炸之痕跡)相當一致。我們相信已勘破了創造奧祕或許我們應將“宇宙”給註冊，然後向每個生存於世的人收“生活費”。
I now turn to the second big question: are we alone, or is there other life in the universe? We believe that life arose spontaneously on the Earth, so it must be possible for life to appear on other suitable planets, of which there seem to be a large number in the galaxy.
現在我轉到第二個大問題去，宇宙中就只有我們，還是另有其它生物?我們相信生命從地球自我衍生，故此生命確有可能出現於其它合適星球——星河中看來可有不少呢。
But we don't know how life first appeared. We have two pieces of observational evidence on the probability of life appearing. The first is that we have fossils of algae from 3.5 billion years ago. The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago and was probably too hot for about the first half billion years. So life appeared on Earth within half a billion years of it being possible, which is short compared to the 10-billion-year lifetime of a planet of Earth type. This suggests that the probability of life appearing is reasonably high. If it was very low, one would have expected it to take most of the ten billion years available.
但我們仍未攪通生命是如何生成：對於生命誕生的可能契機，我們有兩項觀測得來的佐證。首先我們有來自35億年前的海藻化石。地球於46億年前形成，頭約5億年相信仍太熱了。故此生命於其變得可能後的5億年間方出現，這相對於像地球之類百億年期的星體，只算是一段短時間。這意味著生命出現的概率是頗高的。若是低的話，就可預期要花盡百億年的絕大部分才會出現。
On the other hand, we don't seem to have been visited by aliens. I am discounting the reports of would they appear only to cranks and weirdos? If there is a government conspiracy to suppress the reports and keep for itself the scientific knowledge the aliens bring, it seems to have been a singularly ineffective policy so far. Furthermore, despite an extensive search by the SETI project, we haven't heard any alien television quiz shows. This probably indicates that there are no alien civilizations at our stage of development within a radius of a few hundred light years. Issuing an insurance policy against abduction by aliens seems a pretty safe bet.
另一方面，我們似乎從未見有外星人到訪。我不信那些什麼“不明物體的報導”。它們幹嗎要單向那些古古怪怪的人現身呢?若真有一個甚麼政府陰謀要將報導打住，從而將外星人所帶來之科學識據為己有，那可真像個既離奇，亦從未見效的舉措。再說，即便SETI計劃已進行廣泛探索，我們還沒有收聽到任何外太空電視答問節目。這可能昭示在我們現階段文明發展之方圓數百光年範圍之內，並沒有其它外星異文化。賣保險給那些怕被外星人綁架的人，看來是個不錯的選擇。
This brings me to the last of the big questions: the future of the human race. If we are the only intelligent beings in the galaxy, we should make sure we survive and continue. But we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history. Our population and our use of the finite resources of planet Earth are growing exponentially, along with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill. But our genetic code still carries the selfish and aggressive instincts that were of survival advantage in the past. It will be difficult enough to avoid disaster in the next hundred years, let alone the next thousand or million.
這送我到了最後一個大問題：人類的前途。若我們是星河裡唯一智慧生物，就必須確保自己能存活並延續下去。但我們正邁入歷史中一個愈發危險的時段。我們的人囗和對地球有限資源的耗用，正以幾何級數增長，相隨的是我們將環境或弄好或弄垮的技術才能，至於我們的基因指令則仍帶著那自私和好鬥的本質，這或有利於我們過往求存，卻又讓我們於往後數百年內人禍難逃。更別說未來千百萬年了。
Our only chance of long-term survival is not to remain inward-looking on planet Earth, but to spread out into space. The answers to these big questions show that we have made remarkable progress in the last hundred years. But if we want to continue beyond the next hundred years, our future is in is why I am in favor of manned — or should I say, personned — space flight.
我們長活下去的唯一機會，不是一直呆著在地球而是衝出太空去。這些大問題之解答顯示我們於過去數百年取得可觀進展。可若要超越未來數百年，們的前途在於太空。正因此，我較傾向於 "人" 控——( man 於英語中可單指'人或“男人”) 或許我應說，由人駕駛之太空旅航。
All of my life I have sought to understand the universe and find answers to these questions. I have been very lucky that my disability has not been a serious handicap. Indeed, it has probably given me more time than most people to pursue the quest for knowledge. The ultimate goal is a complete theory of the universe, and we are making good progress. Thank you for listening.
我一生都在探究想要了解宇宙並找出這些問題之答案。我一直都非常幸運，我的殘疾並沒造成嚴重障礙;說真的，這反倒讓我比大部分人獲得更多時間以從事知識之追求。終極目標是一套完備的宇宙論，而我們已有良好進展。感謝您們的聆聽。
Chris Anderson: Professor, if you had to guess either way, do you now believe that it is more likely than not that we are alone in the Milky Way, as a civilization of our level of intelligence or higher? This answer took seven minutes, and really gave me an insight into the incredible act of generosity this whole talk was for TED.
安德森：教授，若您必須二選其一作猜測，此刻您是較相信還是較不相信我們是天河中唯一現水平或更高水平之智慧文化?準備這答案已花了7分多鐘，真讓我深切體會到這整個演講為TED所付出之，讓人難以置信之慷慨。
Stephen Hawking: I think it quite likely that we are the only civilization within several hundred light years; otherwise we would have heard radio waves. The alternative is that civilizations don't last very long, but destroy themselves.
霍金：我想我們應該是數百光年範圍內之獨一文明;否則我們應已收聽到電波。另一種可能是，該等文明都維持不久，就自我毀滅掉。
CA: Professor Hawking, thank you for that answer. We will take it as a salutary warning, I think, for the rest of our conference this week. Professor, we really thank you for the extraordinary effort you madeto share your questions with us today. Thank you very much indeed.
安德森： 霍金教授，謝謝您的解答。我想，我們會將之作為這一週餘下會談之座右銘。教授，我們衷心感謝您今天為與我們分享您的問題所作出之卓越貢獻。真的非常感謝您。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Do you think it's possible to control someone's attention? Even more than that, what about predicting human behavior? I think those are interesting ideas, if you could. I mean, for me, that would be the perfect superpower, actually kind of an evil way of approaching it. But for myself, in the past, I've spent the last 20 years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way: picking pockets. When we think of misdirection, we think of something as looking off to the side, when actually it's often the things that are right in front of us that are the hardest things to see, the things that you look at every day that you're blinded to.
For example, how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now? Great. Double-check. Make sure you still have them on you. I was doing some shopping beforehand. Now you've looked at them probably a few times today, but I'm going to ask you a question about them. Without looking at your cell phone directly yet, can you remember the icon in the bottom right corner? Bring them out, check, and see how accurate you were. How'd you do? Show of hands. Did we get it?
Now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common. No matter how you organize the icons, you still have a clock on the front. So, without looking at your phone, what time was it? You just looked at your clock, right? It's an interesting idea. Now, I'll ask you to take that a step further with a game of trust. Close your eyes. I realize I'm asking you to do that while you just heard there's a pickpocket in the room, but close your eyes.
Now, you've been watching me for about 30 seconds. With your eyes closed, what am I wearing? Make your best guess. What color is my shirt? What color is my tie? Now open your eyes. By a show of hands, were you right?
It's interesting, isn't it? Some of us are a little bit more perceptive than others. It seems that way. But I have a different theory about that, that model of attention. They have fancy models of attention, Posner's trinity model of attention. For me, I like to think of it very simple, like a surveillance system. It's kind of like you have all these fancy sensors, and inside your brain is a little security guard. For me, I like to call him Frank. So Frank is sitting at a desk. He's got all sorts of cool information in front of him, high-tech equipment, he's got cameras, he's got a little phone that he can pick up, listen to the ears, all these senses, all these perceptions. But attention is what steers your perceptions, is what controls your reality. It's the gateway to the mind. If you don't attend to something, you can't be aware of it. But ironically, you can attend to something without being aware of it. That's why there's the cocktail effect: When you're in a party, you're having conversations with someone, and yet you can recognize your name and you didn't even realize you were listening to that.
Now, for my job, I have to play with techniques to exploit this, to play with your attention as a limited resource. So if I could control how you spend your attention, if I could maybe steal your attention through a distraction. Now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead, what I choose to focus on is Frank, to be able to play with the Frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you, instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second. So if I ask you to access a memory, like, what is that? What just happened? Do you have a wallet? Do you have an American Express in your wallet? And when I do that, your Frank turns around. He accesses the file. He has to rewind the tape. And what's interesting is, he can't rewind the tape at the same time that he's trying to process new data.
Now, I mean, this sounds like a good theory, but I could talk for a long time and tell you lots of things, and they may be true, a portion of them, but I think it's better if I tried to show that to you here live. So if I come down, I'm going to do a little bit of shopping. Just hold still where you are.
Hello, how are you? It's lovely to see you. You did a wonderful job onstage. You have a lovely watch that doesn't come off very well. Do you have your ring as well? Good. Just taking inventory. You're like a buffet. It's hard to tell where to start, there's so many great things.
Hi, how are you? Good to see you.
Hi, sir, could you stand up for me, please? Just right where you are. Oh, you're married. You follow directions well. That's nice to meet you, sir. You don't have a whole lot inside your pockets. Anything down by the pocket over here? Hopefully so. Have a seat. There you go. You're doing well.
When you are a kid, you get asked this one particular question a lot, it really gets kind of annoying. What do you want to be when you grow up? Now, adults are hoping for answers like, I want to be an astronaut or I want to be a neurosurgeon, you’re adults in your imaginations.
Kids, they’re most likely to answer with pro-skateboarder, surfer or minecraft player. I asked my little brother, and he said, seriously dude, I’m 10, I have no idea, probably a pro-skier, let’s go get some ice cream.
See, us kids are going to answer something we’re stoked on, what we think is cool, what we have experience with, and that’s typically the opposite of what adults want to hear.
But if you ask a little kid, sometimes you’ll get the best answer, something so simple, so obvious and really profound. When I grow up, I want to be happy.
For me, when I grow up, I want to continue to be happy like I am now. I’m stoked to be here at TedEx, I mean, I’ve been watching Ted videos for as long as I can remember, but I never thought I’d make it on the stage here so soon. I mean, I just became a teenager, and like most teenage boys, I spend most of my time wondering, how did my room get so messy all on its own.
Did I take a shower today? And the most perplexing of all, how do I get girls to like me? Neurosciences say that the teenage brain is pretty weird, our prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped, but we actually have more neurons than adults, which is why we can be so creative, and impulsive and moody and get bummed out.
But what bums me out is to know that, a lot of kids today are just wishing to be happy, to be healthy, to be safe, not bullied, and be loved for who they are. So it seems to me when adults say, what do you want to be when you grow up? They just assume that you’ll automatically be happy and healthy.
Well, maybe that’s not the case, go to school, go to college, get a job, get married, boom, then you’ll be happy, right? You don’t seem to make learning how to be happy and healthy a priority in our schools, it’s separate from schools. And for some kids, it doesn’t exists at all? But what if we didn’t make it separate? What if we based education on the study and practice of being happy and healthy, because that’s what it is, a practice, and a simple practice at that?
Education is important, but why is being happy and healthy not considered education, I just don’t get it. So I’ve been studying the science of being happy and healthy. It really comes down to practicing these eight things. Exercise, diet and nutrition, time in nature, contribution, service to others, relationships, recreation, relaxation and stress management, and religious or spiritual involvement, yes, got that one.
So these eight things come from Dr. Roger Walsh, he calls them Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes or TLCs for short. He is a scientist that studies how to be happy and healthy. In researching this talk, I got a chance to ask him a few questions like; do you think that our schools today are making these eight TLCs a priority? His response was no surprise, it was essentially no. But he did say that many people do try to get this kind of education outside of the traditional arena, through reading and practices such as meditation or yoga.
But what I thought was his best response was that, much of education is oriented for better or worse towards making a living rather than making a life.
In 20__, Sir Ken Robinson gave the most popular Ted talk of all time. Schools kill creativity. His message is that creativity is as important as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
A lot of parents watched those videos, some of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized I’m part of this small, but growing revolution of kids who are going about their education differently, and you know what? It freaks a lot of people out.
Even though I was only nine, when my parents pulled me out of the school system, I can still remember my mom being in tears when some of her friends told her she was crazy and it was a stupid idea.
Looking back, I’m thankful she didn’t cave to peer pressure, and I think she is too. So, out of the 200 million people that have watched Sir Ken Robinson’s talk, why aren’t there more kids like me out there?
Shane McConkey is my hero. I loved him because he was the world’s best skier. But then, one day I realized what I really loved about Shane, he was a hacker. Not a computer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing what it is today, and why I love to ski. A lot of people think of hackers as geeky computer nerds who live in their parent’s basement and spread computer viruses, but I don’t see it that way.
Hackers are innovators, hackers are people who challenge and change the systems to make them work differently, to make them work better, it’s just how they think, it’s a mindset.
I’m growing up in a world that needs more people with the hacker mindset, and not just for technology, everything is up for being hacked, even skiing, even education. So whether it’s Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg or Shane McConkey having the hacker mindset can change the world.
Healthy, happy, creativity in the hacker mindset are all a large part of my education. I call it Hackschooling, I don’t use any one particular curriculum, and I’m not dedicated to any one particular approach, I hack my education.
I take advantage of opportunities in my community, and through a network of my friends and family. I take advantage of opportunities to experience what I’m learning, and I’m not afraid to look for shortcuts or hacks to get a better faster result. It’s like a remix or a mash-up of learning. It’s flexible, opportunistic, and it never loses sight of making happy, healthy and creativity a priority.
And here is the cool part, because it’s a mindset, not a system. Hackschooling can be used anyone, even traditional schools. Soo what does my school look like? Well, it looks like Starbucks a lot of the time, but like most kids I study lot of math, science, history and writing. I didn’t used to like to write because my teachers made me write about butterflies and rainbows, and I wanted to write about skiing.
It was a relief for my good friend’s mom, started the Squaw Valley Kids Institute, where I got to write through my experiences and my interests, while, connecting with great speakers from around the nation, and that sparked my love of writing.
I realized that once you’re motivated to learn something, you can get a lot done in a short amount of time, and on your own, Starbucks is pretty great for that. Hacking physics was fun, we learned all about Newton and Galileo, and we experienced some basic physics concepts like kinetic energy through experimenting and making mistakes.
My favorite was the giant Newton’s cradle that we made out of bowling balls, no bocce balls. We experimented with lot of other things like bowling balls and event giant jawbreakers.
Project Discovery’s ropes course is awesome, and slightly stressful. When you’re 60 feet off the ground, you have to learn how to handle your fears, communicate clearly, and most importantly, trust each other.
Community organizations play a big part in my education, High Fives Foundation’s Basics Program being aware and safe in critical situations. We spent a day with the Squaw Valley Ski Patrol to learn more about mountain safety, then the next day we switched to science of snow, weather and avalanches.
But most importantly, we learned that making bad decisions puts you and your friends at risk. Young should talk, well brings history to life. You study a famous character in history, and so that you can stand on stage and perform as that character, and answer any question about their lifetime.
In this photo, you see Al Capone and Bob Marley getting grilled with questions at the historical Piper’s Opera House in Virginia City, the same stage where Harry Houdini got his start.
Time and nature is really important to me, it’s calm, quiet and I get to just log out of reality. I spend one day a week, outside all day. At my Fox Walkers classes, our goal is to be able to survive in the wilderness with just a knife. We learn to listen to nature, we learn to sense our surroundings, and I’ve gained a spiritual connection to nature that, I never knew existed.
But the best part is that we get to make spears, bows and arrows, fires with just a bow drill and survival shelters for the snowy nights when we camp out. Hanging out at the Moment Factory where they hand make skis and design clothes, has really inspired me to one day have my own business. The guys at the factory showed me why I need to be good at math, be creative and get good at selling.
So I got an internship at Big Shark Print to get better at design and selling. Between fetching lunch, scrubbing toilets and breaking their vacuum cleaner, I’m getting to contribute to clothing design, customizing hats and selling them. The people who work there are happy, healthy, creative, and stoked to be doing what they are doing, this is by far my favorite class.
So, this is why I’m really happy, powder days, and it’s a good metaphor for my life, my education, my hackschooling. If everyone ski this mountain, like most people think of education, everyone will be skiing the same line, probably the safest and most of the powder would go untouched.
I look at this, and see a thousand possibilities, dropping the corners, shredding the spine, looking for a churning from cliff-to-cliff. Skiing to me is freedom, and so is my education, it’s about being creative; doing things differently, it’s about community and helping each other. It’s about being happy and healthy among my very best friends.
So I’m starting to think, I know what I might want to do when I grow up, but if you ask me what do I want to be when I grow up? I’ll always know that I want to be happy. Thank you.
How many of you are tired of seeingcelebrities adopting kids from the African continent?
你們之中有多少人已經對那些從非洲領養小孩的明星而感到厭倦了?
Well, it's not all that bad. I was adopted.I grew up in rural Uganda, lost both my parents when I was very, very when my parents passed, I experienced all the negative effects of poverty,from homelessness, eating out of trash piles, you name it.
嗯，那也不全是壞事。我就是被其中領養的一員。我在烏干達的郊區長大，在我很小的時候，我的父母就去世了。在我父母離世之後，我經歷了所有貧困帶來的困難，從無家可歸，到撿食路邊的垃圾，所有你能想得到的。
But my life changed when I got acceptedinto an orphanage. Through one of those sponsor-an-orphan programs, I wassponsored and given an opportunity to acquire an education. I started off inUganda. I went through school, and the way this particular program worked, youfinished high school and after high school, you go learn a trade -- to become acarpenter, a mechanic or something along those lines.
但自從我被一家孤兒院收養 我的生活就發生了鉅變。通過孤兒院的一個補助專案，我獲得了接受教育的機會，以及相應的資助。一開始是在烏干達。我去了學校唸書，而根據這個專案的運作流程，他們會在你讀完高中以後，送你去學一門手藝，比如木匠，或者機修工或者其他的一些專業技術。
My case was a little different. The sponsorfamily that was sending these 25 dollars a month to this orphanage to sponsorme, which -- I had never met them -- said, "Well ... we would like to sendyou to college instead." Oh -- it gets better.
而我的情況卻有所不同。每個月我會在孤兒院收到25美元補助。這錢來自資助我的家庭，我從未見過他們他們說，“我們希望資助你去上大學” 哦，那再好不過了。
And they said, "If you get thepaperwork, we'll send you to school in America instead." So with theirhelp, I went to the embassy and applied for the visa. I got the visa.
他們還說：“如果你能通過申請 我們會把你送到美國的大學讀書。“ 所以，在他們的幫助下，我去大使館申請了簽證。並且通過了簽證。
I remember this day like it was yesterday.I walked out of the embassy with this piece of paper in my hand, a hop in mystep, smile on my face, knowing that my life is about to change. I went homethat night, and I slept with my passport, because I was afraid that someonemight steal it.
那一天對我來說就像昨天一樣。我拿著手裡的檔案走出大使館，一路蹦跳，難掩笑意，我明白我的生活將不復從前。那天晚上我回到家裡，抱著我的護照睡著了，因為我擔心有人會把它偷走。
I couldn't fall asleep. I kept feeling it.I had a good idea for security. I was like, "OK, I'm going to put it in aplastic bag, and take it outside and dig a hole, and put it in there." Idid that, went back in the house. I could not fall asleep. I was like,"Maybe someone saw me." I went back --
而我輾轉反側。那念頭依然揮之不去。我突然想到了一個萬全的主意。我說：”好吧，我可以把它放進一個塑料袋裡然後在外面地上挖一個洞，把袋子放進去。” 我真的做了，然後又回到屋子裡。但我依然無眠，我想，“也許有人看到我了。” 我又回去了
I pulled it out, and I put it with me theentire night -- all to say that it was an anxiety-filled night.
我把袋子拿出來，然後抓著它度過了一宿 我只想說那真是焦慮的一晚。
Going to the US was, just like anotherspeaker said, was my first time to see a plane, be on one, let alone sit on itto fly to another country. December 15, 20xx. 7:08pm. I sat in seat 7A. FlyEmirates. One of the most gorgeous, beautiful women I've ever seen walked up,red little hat with a white veil. I'm looking terrified, I have no idea whatI'm doing. She hands me this warm towel -- warm, steamy, snow white. I'mlooking at this warm towel; I don't know what to do with my life, let alonewith this damn towel --
來到美國的感受，和其他初來乍到的人一樣 那是我第一次坐飛機，坐在座位上，飛向另一個國家。20xx年12月15日 晚上7點08分 我坐在7A座位上。乘坐阿聯酋航班。一個我有生以來見過的最美的女人朝我走來，她戴著紅色的帽子和白色的口罩。我真的嚇壞了，我簡直手足無措。她遞給我一張溫熱的紙巾 溫暖，溼潤，白淨如雪。我盯著這張溫暖的紙巾; 我都不知道我該拿我的生活怎麼辦，更別說這張紙巾了
I did one of the -- you know, anythinganyone could do in that situation: look around, see what everyone else isdoing. I did the same. Mind you, I drove about seven hours from my village tothe airport that day. So I grab this warm towel, wipe my face just likeeveryone else is doing, I look at it -- damn.
我做了一件——你懂的，任何人都會做的事：我環顧四周，看其他人的舉動。然後我也跟著他們做。順便一提，從村子到機場，那一天我開了7個小時的車。所以我拿起那張溫暖的紙，效仿著別人擦拭了自己的臉，我看了看紙巾——該死。
It was all dirt brown.I remember being so embarrassed that whenshe came by to pick it up, I didn't give mine.I still have it.
已經變成屎黃色了。我記得我是那麼的尷尬，以至於當她來回收紙巾的時候，我沒好意思給她。我現在都還帶著它。
Going to America opened doors for me tolive up to my full God-given potential. I remember when I arrived, the sponsorfamily embraced me, and they literally had to teach me everything from scratch:this is a microwave, that's a refrigerator -- things I'd never seen before. Andit was also the first time I got immersed into a new and different e strangers showed me true love. These strangers showed me that I mattered,that my dreams k you.
美國向我敞開了大門讓我能夠發揮自己最大的潛力。我記得我剛到的時候，我的資助家庭迎接了我，然後他們就把一切從頭開始教給我：這是一個微波爐，那是一個冰箱——那些都是我以前聞所未聞的東西。那也是我第一次 被放置在全新的文化環境當中。這些陌生人向我展示了真正的關愛。這些陌生人讓我明白，我很重要 我的夢想很重要。謝謝。
These individuals had two of their ownbiological children. And when I came in, I had needs. They had to teach meEnglish, teach me literally everything, which resulted in them spending a lotof time with me. And that created a little bit of jealousy with their , if you're a parent in this room, and you have those teenager children whodon't want anything to do with your love and affection -- in fact, they find itrepulsive -- I got a solution: adopt a child.
他們有兩個親生孩子。當我走進他們家庭的時候，我急需幫助。他們要教我英文，教我幾乎所有的事情，這導致他們要在我的身上 花費很多的精力。而這致使他們的親生孩子對我產生了一絲妒忌。所以，如果你們有人是家長，而你又有這樣一群青少年小孩 他們對你們的愛和關心置若罔聞 事實上，還對你們很冷淡 我有一個辦法： 領養一個孩子。
It will solve the problem.
問題就會迎刃而解。
I went on to acquire two engineeringdegrees from one of the best institutions in the world. I've got to tell you:talent is universal, but opportunities are not. And I credit this to theindividuals who embrace multiculturalism, love, empathy and compassion forothers. We live in a world filled with hate: building walls, Brexit, xenophobiahere on the African continent. Multiculturalism can be an answer to many ofthese worst human qualities.
在一所世界一流學府中 我習得了兩個工程師學位。我必須要說： 天賦人人都有，但機會一緣難求。我想要讚美 那些擁抱多元文化的人，那些關愛，理解並且同情他人的人。我們生活在一個充滿憎恨的世界上：高築圍牆，英國脫歐，非洲大陸的仇外心理。而這些人類最負面的東西 都可以被多元文化海涵。
Today, I challenge you to help a youngchild experience multiculturalism. I guarantee you that will enrich their life,and in turn, it will enrich yours. And as a bonus, one of them may even give aTED Talk.
今天，我挑戰你們在座的觀眾們 去幫助一個年輕的孩子 感受多元文化的魅力。我保證那會充實他的生活，作為回報，你們的生活也會得到昇華。而作為獎勵，他們其中之一也許還會在TED演講。
We may not be able to solve the bigotry andthe racism of this world today, but certainly we can raise children to create apositive, inclusive, connected world full of empathy, love and compassion.
我們也許無力解決 當今社會的種族歧視與偏見，但我們完全可以引導我們的孩子 去建立一個積極的，包容的，緊密相連的世界。那裡將充滿理解，關愛，同情。
Love k you.
真愛無敵。謝謝
Over the next five minutes, my intention is to transform your relationship with sound. Let me start with the observation that most of the sound around us is accidental, and much of it is unpleasant. (Traffic noise) We stand on street corners, shouting over noise like this, and pretending that it doesn't exist. Well, this habit of suppressing sound has meant that our relationship with sound has become largely unconscious.
There are four major ways sound is affecting you all the time, and I'd like to raise them in your consciousness today. First is physiological. (Loud alarm clocks) Sorry about that. I've just given you a shot of cortisol, your fight/flight hormone. Sounds are affecting your hormone secretions all the time, but also your breathing, your heart rate -- which I just also did -- and your brainwaves.
It's not just unpleasant sounds like that that do it. This is surf. (Ocean waves) It has the frequency of roughly 12 cycles per minute. Most people find that very soothing, and, interestingly, 12 cycles per minute is roughly the frequency of the breathing of a sleeping human. There is a deep resonance with being at rest. We also associate it with being stress-free and on holiday.
The second way in which sound affects you is psychological. Music is the most powerful form of sound that we know that affects our emotional state. (Albinoni's Adagio) This is guaranteed to make most of you feel pretty sad if I leave it on. Music is not the only kind of sound, however, which affects your emotions.
Natural sound can do that too. Birdsong, for example, is a sound which most people find reassuring. (Birds chirping) There is a reason for that. Over hundreds of thousands of years we've learned that when the birds are singing, things are safe. It's when they stop you need to be worried.
The third way in which sound affects you is cognitively. You can't understand two people talking at once ("If you're listening to this version of") ("me you're on the wrong track.") or in this case one person talking twice. Try and listen to the other one. ("You have to choose which me you're going to listen to.")
We have a very small amount of bandwidth for processing auditory input, which is why noise like this -- (Office noise) -- is extremely damaging for productivity. If you have to work in an open-plan office like this, your productivity is greatly reduced. And whatever number you're thinking of, it probably isn't as bad as this. (Ominous music) You are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms. And I have a tip for you. If you have to work in spaces like that, carry headphones with you, with a soothing sound like birdsong. Put them on and your productivity goes back up to triple what it would be.
The fourth way in which sound affects us is behaviorally. With all that other stuff going on, it would be amazing if our behavior didn't change. (Techno music inside a car) So, ask yourself: Is this person ever going to drive at a steady 28 miles per hour? I don't think so. At the simplest, you move away from unpleasant sound and towards pleasant sounds. So if I were to play this -- (Jackhammer) -- for more than a few seconds, you'd feel uncomfortable; for more than a few minutes, you'd be leaving the room in droves. For people who can't get away from noise like that, it's extremely damaging for their health.
And that's not the only thing that bad sound damages. Most retail sound is inappropriate and accidental, and even hostile, and it has a dramatic effect on sales. For those of you who are retailers, you may want to look away before I show this slide. They are losing up to 30 percent of their business with people leaving shops faster, or just turning around on the door. We all have done it, leaving the area because the sound in there is so dreadful.
I want to spend just a moment talking about the model that we've developed, which allows us to start at the top and look at the drivers of sound, analyze the soundscape and then predict the four outcomes I've just talked about. Or start at the bottom, and say what outcomes do we want, and then design a soundscape to have a desired effect. At last we've got some science we can apply. And we're in the business of designing soundscapes.
Just a word on music. Music is the most powerful sound there is, often inappropriately deployed. It's powerful for two reasons. You recognize it fast, and you associate it very powerfully. I'll give you two examples. (First chord of The Beatles' "A Hard Day's Night") Most of you recognize that immediately. The younger, maybe not. (Laughter) (First two notes of "Jaws" theme) And most of you associate that with something! Now, those are one-second samples of music. Music is very powerful. And unfortunately it's veneering commercial spaces, often inappropriately. I hope that's going to change over the next few years.
When Dorothy was a little girl, she wasfascinated by her goldfish. Her father explained to her that fish swim byquickly wagging their tails to propel themselves through the water. Withouthesitation, little Dorothy responded, "Yes, Daddy, and fish swim backwardsby wagging their heads."
當多蘿西還是一個小女孩的時候，她被她的金魚迷住了。她的父親向她解釋，魚是通過快速搖尾推動自己在水中前進。毫無猶豫地，小多蘿西回答道，“是的，爸爸，而且魚會通過搖頭來後退。”
In her mind, it was a fact as true as anyother. Fish swim backwards by wagging their heads. She believed it.
在她的心裡，這是一個確切的事實。魚通過搖頭來後退。她堅信如此。
Our lives are full of fish swimmingbackwards. We make assumptions and faulty leaps of logic. We harbor bias. Weknow that we are right, and they are wrong. We fear the worst. We strive forunattainable perfection. We tell ourselves what we can and cannot do. In ourminds, fish swim by in reverse frantically wagging their heads and we don'teven notice them.
我們的生活中充滿著倒遊的魚。我們製造假設和錯誤跳躍的邏輯。我們心懷偏見。我們知道我們是對的，而他們是錯的。我們害怕最糟糕的。我們力求無法獲得的完美。我們告訴自己什麼是我們能做的和不能做的。在我們心裡，魚是通過往相反方向瘋狂搖頭來游泳的，而我們甚至不曾察覺過它們。
I'm going to tell you five facts aboutmyself. One fact is not true. One: I graduated from Harvard at 19 with anhonors degree in mathematics. Two: I currently run a construction company inOrlando. Three: I starred on a television sitcom. Four: I lost my sight to arare genetic eye disease. Five: I served as a law clerk to two US Supreme Courtjustices. Which fact is not true? Actually, they're all true. Yeah. They're alltrue.
我想告訴你們五件關於我的事實。其中有一件不是真的。第一：我19歲的時候以數學榮譽學士學位畢業於哈佛大學。第二：我現在在奧蘭多經營著一家建築公司。第三：我主演過一部電視情景劇。第四：我因為患上一種罕有的遺傳性眼疾而失去了視力。第五：我曾經給兩位美國最高法院的法官當過法律助手。哪一個不是真的呢?事實上，它們都是真的。是的，它們都是真的。
At this point, most people really only careabout the television show.
這時候，大部分人其實都只關心那部電視劇。
I know this from experience. OK, so theshow was NBC's "Saved by the Bell: The New Class." And I playedWeasel Wyzell, who was the sort of dorky, nerdy character on the show, whichmade it a very major acting challenge for me as a 13-year-old boy.
這是經驗告訴我的。好吧，那部電視劇是NBC的“SavedbytheBell:TheNewClass."而我飾演了WeaselWyzell，一個在劇中帶點笨拙書呆子性格的角色，對於13歲的我來說，這是一個很重大的演出挑戰。
Now, did you struggle with number four, myblindness? Why is that? We make assumptions about so-called disabilities. As ablind man, I confront others' incorrect assumptions about my abilities everyday. My point today is not about my blindness, however. It's about my g blind taught me to live my life eyes wide open. It taught me to spotthose backwards-swimming fish that our minds create. Going blind cast them intofocus.
現在，你是否糾結於第四個事實，我的失明?為什麼會這樣呢?我們對所謂的殘疾做出一些假設。作為盲人，我每天都面對別人對我能力的錯誤假設。然而，我今天的重點不在於我的失明。而是在於我的視野。失明教會我用開闊的眼界去生活。它教會我去發現那些倒遊的魚，我們內心創造出來的魚。失明使它們變成了焦點。
What does it feel like to see? It'simmediate and passive. You open your eyes and there's the world. Seeing isbelieving. Sight is truth. Right? Well, that's what I thought.
看得見是怎麼樣的一種感覺?是即時並且被動的。你睜開雙眼，世界就在你眼前。看見什麼相信什麼。眼見為實。對吧?好吧，我當初是這麼想的。
Then, from age 12 to 25, my retinasprogressively deteriorated. My sight became an increasingly bizarre carnivalfunhouse hall of mirrors and illusions. The salesperson I was relieved to spotin a store was really a mannequin. Reaching down to wash my hands, I suddenlysaw it was a urinal I was touching, not a sink, when my fingers felt its trueshape.
接著，從12歲到15歲，我的視網膜逐漸衰弱。我的視像變成了愈加奇異的嘉年華遊樂場裡的哈哈鏡。我在商店裡好不容易發現的銷售員實際上是一個人體模型。俯下身去洗手，當我的手指感受到它的真實形狀，我意識到我去觸控的是小便池，而不是洗手池。
A friend described the photograph in my hand, and only then I could seethe image depicted. Objects appeared, morphed and disappeared in my reality. Itwas difficult and exhausting to see. I pieced together fragmented, transitoryimages, consciously analyzed the clues, searched for some logic in my crumblingkaleidoscope, until I saw nothing at all.
一位朋友向我描述我手中的照片，只有在那時候我才能明白影象描畫了些什麼。物體在我的現實中出現、變形和消失。看見成為了一件困難的使我筋疲力盡的事情。我把支離破碎的、片刻的影象拼接起來，憑感覺分析線索，在我破碎的萬花筒中尋找符合邏輯的對應，直到我什麼都看不見。
I learned that what we see is not universaltruth. It is not objective reality. What we see is a unique, personal, virtualreality that is masterfully constructed by our brain.
我認識到我們所看到的並不即是普遍真理。並不是客觀現實。我們所看到的是獨一無二的虛擬現實，它是由我們的大腦巧妙地構造出來的。
Let me explain with a bit of amateurneuroscience. Your visual cortex takes up about 30 percent of your 's compared to approximately eight percent for touch and two to threepercent for hearing. Every second, your eyes can send your visual cortex as manyas two billion pieces of information. The rest of your body can send your brainonly an additional billion. So sight is one third of your brain by volume andcan claim about two thirds of your brain's processing resources. It's nosurprise then that the illusion of sight is so compelling. But make no mistakeabout it: sight is an illusion.
請讓我以外行的身份解釋一遍神經系統學。你的視覺皮層佔據了你腦部的大概30%。相比於觸覺的8%以及聽覺的2-3%。每一秒鐘，你的雙眼能夠向你的視覺皮層傳達多達二十億的資訊片段。其餘的身體部分加起來也僅能夠傳達另外的十億。所以視覺佔據了你腦部容量的三分之一併且佔用了你腦部中三分之二的資訊處理資源。因此意想得到的是視覺幻象是多麼的令人信服。但是別誤會了：我們所看到的只是一種幻象。
Here's where it gets interesting. To createthe experience of sight, your brain references your conceptual understanding ofthe world, other knowledge, your memories, opinions, emotions, mentalattention. All of these things and far more are linked in your brain to yoursight. These linkages work both ways, and usually occur subconsciously. So for example, what you see impacts how you feel, and the way you feel can literally change what you see.
這是事情變得有趣的地方。為了製造視覺經驗，你的大腦參考了你對這個世界的概念性理解，其它知識、你的記憶、看法、情緒和心理關注。所有的這些東西和以及其它的都連結於你的大腦和視覺景象之間。這些連結是雙向作用的，並且常常在潛意識中發生。舉例子來說，你所看到的會影響到你的感覺，而你的感覺又能夠直接改變你所看到的。
Numerous studies demonstrate this. If you are asked toestimate the walking speed of a man in a video, for example, your answer willbe different if you're told to think about cheetahs or turtles. A hill appearssteeper if you've just exercised, and a landmark appears farther away if you'rewearing a heavy backpack. We have arrived at a fundamental contradiction.
許多的研究證明了這一點。如果你被要求去估計視訊中人物的行走速度，舉例來說，在被告知去想著獵豹或者烏龜的情況下，你的答案將會不一樣。如果你剛剛運動完，你會感覺山變陡峭了，如果你揹著一個很重的揹包，眼前的目的地看起來距離更遠。我們在這裡遇到了一種基本的矛盾。
What you see is a complex mental construction of your own making, but you experienceit passively as a direct representation of the world around you. You createyour own reality, and you believe it. I believed mine until it broke apart. Thedeterioration of my eyes shattered the illusion.
你肉眼所看到的東西是你自己創造的一種複雜的心智建造，但是你被動地經歷著它讓它作為你周遭世界的一種直接呈現。你創造了屬於你自己的現實並且深信著它。我深信於我的現實直到它瓦解了。我雙眼的衰退粉碎了這種幻象。
You see, sight is just one way we shape ourreality. We create our own realities in many other ways. Let's take fear asjust one example. Your fears distort your reality. Under the warped logic offear, anything is better than the uncertain. Fear fills the void at all costs,passing off what you dread for what you know, offering up the worst in place ofthe ambiguous, substituting assumption for reason. Psychologists have a greatterm for it: awfulizing.
你看，視覺只是我們認識世界的一種途徑。我們可以通過許多其它的方式去創造屬於我們自己的現實。讓我們來舉恐懼作為一個例子。你的恐懼扭曲了你的現實。在扭曲的恐懼邏輯影響下，任何事情都比未知要好。恐懼不惜一切代價填補空白，把你所懼怕的冒充成你所知道的，讓最糟糕取代了不明確，使假設代替了原因。心理學家對此有一個很好的術語：往壞處想。
Right? Fear replaces the unknown with theawful. Now, fear is self-realizing. When you face the greatest need to lookoutside yourself and think critically, fear beats a retreat deep inside yourmind, shrinking and distorting your view, drowning your capacity for criticalthought with a flood of disruptive emotions. When you face a compellingopportunity to take action, fear lulls you into inaction, enticing you topassively watch its prophecies fulfill themselves.
對吧?恐懼把未知的替換成了可怕的。現在，恐懼在自我實現著。當你非常迫切的需要去客觀看待自己並進行批判性思考的時候，恐懼在你的內心深處打起了退堂鼓，收縮並扭曲你的觀點，以洪水般湧現的破壞性情緒淹沒你批判思考的能力。當你面對一個極具吸引力的機會去採取行動時，恐懼誤導你去無所作為，誘使你被動地看著它的預言一個個實現成真。
When I was diagnosed with my blindingdisease, I knew blindness would ruin my life. Blindness was a death sentencefor my independence. It was the end of achievement for me. Blindness meant Iwould live an unremarkable life, small and sad, and likely alone. I knew was a fiction born of my fears, but I believed it. It was a lie, but itwas my reality, just like those backwards-swimming fish in little Dorothy'smind. If I had not confronted the reality of my fear, I would have lived it. Iam certain of that.
當我被診出患有致盲眼疾時，我料到失明將會毀了我的生活。失明對我的獨立能力判了死刑。它是我一生成就的終點。失明意味著我將度過平凡的一生，渺小且悽慘，極有可能孤獨終老。我就知道會這樣。這是我因為恐懼帶來的胡編亂造，但我相信了。它是一個謊言，但它曾是我的現實。就像小多蘿西內心那些倒遊的魚一樣。如若我不曾面對過我內心恐懼創造出來的現實，我會就那樣活著。我很確定。
So how do you live your life eyes wideopen? It is a learned discipline. It can be taught. It can be practiced. I willsummarize very briefly.
所以你們如何去以開闊的眼界生活呢?這是一個需要學習的學科。它能被傳授。它能被練習。我簡單地總結一下。
Hold yourself accountable for every moment,every thought, every detail. See beyond your fears. Recognize your ess your internal strength. Silence your internal critic. Correct yourmisconceptions about luck and about success. Accept your strengths and yourweaknesses, and understand the difference. Open your hearts to your bountifulblessings.
讓自己學會負責，對每一時刻，每個想法，每個細節。超越你內心的恐懼。識別出你所作的假設。展現你內在的能力。消除你內心的批判。修正你對於運氣和成功的錯誤概念。接受自己的長處和短處，並清楚認識它們之間的區別。開啟你的心扉去迎接對你滿滿的祝福。
Your fears, your critics, your heroes, yourvillains -- they are your excuses, rationalizations, shortcuts, justifications,your surrender. They are fictions you perceive as reality. Choose to seethrough them. Choose to let them go. You are the creator of your reality. Withthat empowerment comes complete responsibility.
你的恐懼，你的批判，你的英雄，你的敵人——他們都是你的藉口、合理化作用、捷徑、辯護、屈服。它們是你錯認為現實的小說。嘗試選擇看穿它們。嘗試讓它們遠離自己。你是自我現實的創造者。伴隨這種權利而來的是你需要負起全部的責任。
I chose to step out of fear's tunnel intoterrain uncharted and undefined. I chose to build there a blessed life. Farfrom alone, I share my beautiful life with Dorothy, my beautiful wife, with ourtriplets, whom we call the Tripskys, and with the latest addition to thefamily, sweet baby Clementine.
我選擇走出恐懼的隧道，步入了未知的領域。我選擇在那裡構建幸福的人生。遠離孤單，我分享我的美好生活，與多蘿西，我美麗的妻子，與我們的三胞胎，我們稱之為“Tripskys”，還有新添的家庭成員，可愛的寶貝克萊蒙蒂。
What do you fear? What lies do you tellyourself? How do you embellish your truth and write your own fictions? Whatreality are you creating for yourself?
你在害怕什麼?你在欺騙自己什麼?你是如何修飾自己的真相，編寫自己的小說?你在為自己創造著怎麼樣的現實?
In your career and personal life, in yourrelationships, and in your heart and soul, your backwards-swimming fish do yougreat harm. They exact a toll in missed opportunities and unrealized potential,and they engender insecurity and distrust where you seek fulfillment andconnection. I urge you to search them out.
在你的職業生涯和個人生活中，在你的人際關係中，在你的內心和靈魂中，倒遊的魚給你帶來巨大的傷害。它們使你為錯失的機會以及尚未實現的潛能付出代價。它們在你尋求滿足與聯絡時引起你的不安以及不信任。我呼籲大家把它們找出來。
Helen Keller said that the only thing worsethan being blind is having sight but no vision. For me, going blind was aprofound blessing, because blindness gave me vision. I hope you can see what Isee.
海倫·凱勒曾說過，唯一比失明更糟糕的是擁有視力，卻沒有遠見。失明對我來說是一種深深的祝福，因為失明給予了我遠見。我衷心希望你們也能看見我所看見的。
Thank you.(Applause)
謝謝。(掌聲)
Bruno Giussani: Isaac, before you leave thestage, just a question. This is an audience of entrepreneurs, of doers, ofinnovators. You are a CEO of a company down in Florida, and many are probablywondering, how is it to be a blind CEO? What kind of specific challenges do youhave, and how do you overcome them?
布魯諾·朱薩尼：艾薩克，在你離開之前，我想問一個問題。在座的各位都是創業者、實幹家、創新者。你是佛羅里達一家公司的執行總裁，很多人大概都會好奇，身為一名失明的執行總裁究竟是怎麼樣的呢?這使你面臨哪些具體的挑戰，而你又是怎麼克服它們的呢?
Isaac Lidsky: Well, the biggest challengebecame a blessing. I don't get visual feedback from people.
艾薩克·利德斯基：好吧，最大的挑戰成了一種祝福。我看不到別人的反應。
BG: What's that noise there? IL: Yeah. So,for example, in my leadership team meetings, I don't see facial expressions orgestures. I've learned to solicit a lot more verbal feedback. I basically forcepeople to tell me what they think. And in this respect, it's become, like Isaid, a real blessing for me personally and for my company, because wecommunicate at a far deeper level, we avoid ambiguities, and most important, myteam knows that what they think truly matters.
布：有什麼聲音在哪裡嗎?艾：是的。比如說在我的領導團隊的會議中，我無法看到別人的表情或者手勢。我學會去徵求更多的言語反饋。我基本都要求人們把他們的想法告訴我。正因如此，它成為了，如我所說，對我個人還有我公司的一種真正的祝福。因為我們獲得了更深層次的溝通。我們避免了歧義，還有更重要的，我的團隊清楚知道他們的想法是真的要緊的。
BG: Isaac, thank you for coming to TED. IL:Thank you, Bruno.
布：艾薩克，感謝你來到了TED。艾：謝謝你，布魯諾。
People returning to work after a career break: I call them relaunchers. These are people who have taken career breaks for elder care, for childcare reasons, pursuing a personal interest or a personal health issue. Closely related are career transitioners of all kinds: veterans, military spouses, retirees coming out of retirement or repatriating expats. Returning to work after a career break is hard because of a disconnect between the employers and the relaunchers. Employers can view hiring people with a gap on their resume as a high-risk proposition, and individuals on career break can have doubts about their abilities to relaunch their careers, especially if they've been out for a long time. This disconnect is a problem that I'm trying to help solve.
有些人經過離職長假之後 重新投入到工作中來， 我稱他們為“再從業者”。 這些人選擇休離職長假， 有些是要照顧老人， 有些是要照顧孩子， 也有些是追求個人愛好， 或是健康因素。 各行各業轉業的人 都與之緊密相關： 退伍軍人、軍嫂， 退休返聘的人， 或遣返回國者。 離職長假後重返工作 是非常困難的， 因為僱主和再從業者之間 有了隔閡。 僱主們認為，僱傭這些 簡歷上工作時間不連貫的人 是風險極高的決策， 而正在離職長假中的人 可能對自己再從業的能力產生疑慮， 特別是那些離職時間較長者。 兩者間的缺乏聯絡 是我在嘗試解決的問題。
Now, successful relaunchers are everywhere and in every field. This is Sami Kafala. He's a nuclear physicist in the UK who took a five-year career break to be home with his five children. The Singapore press recently wrote about nurses returning to work after long career breaks. And speaking of long career breaks, this is Mimi Kahn. She's a social worker in Orange County, California, who returned to work in a social services organization after a 25-year career break. That's the longest career break that I'm aware of. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor took a five-year career break early in her career.
如今，我們在各行各業 都能見到成功的再從業者。 這位是薩米·科法拉， 他是英國的一位核物理學家， 因為要在家照顧五個孩子 而度過了五年的離職長假。 新加坡的媒體最近發表了文章， 內容是有關離職長假後再從業的護士。 提到長時間的離職假期， 這位是米米·卡恩, 她是加州奧蘭治縣的一位社工， 她在度過20xx年的離職長假後 回到了一個社會服務組織工作。 這是據我所知最長的離職假期。 最高法院法官桑德拉·戴·奧康納， 在其職業生涯早期 度過了五年離職長假。
And this is Tracy Shapiro, who took a 13-year career break. Tracy answered a call for essays by the Today Show from people who were trying to return to work but having a difficult time of it. Tracy wrote in that she was a mom of five who loved her time at home, but she had gone through a divorce and needed to return to work, plus she really wanted to bring work back into her life because she loved working. Tracy was doing what so many of us do when we feel like we've put in a good day in the job search. She was looking for a finance or accounting role, and she had just spent the last nine months very diligently researching companies online and applying for jobs with no results.
這位是特蕾西·莎碧羅， 她度過了20xx年的離職長假。 特蕾西答覆了從“今日秀”節目觀眾中 徵集到的問題， 他們想要重返工作， 卻發現很難做到。 特蕾西寫道：自己是五個孩子的母親， 也很享受居家的時間， 但是她歷經了一次離婚， 並且急需回到工作狀態， 另外，她很想把工作 帶回她的生活中， 因為她也很享受工作。 特蕾西也曾做過 我們很多人所做的事， 每天不停的搜尋合適的工作。 她找過財經、會計領域的職位， 她在那之前花掉了九個月時間， 很努力地調查網上的公司， 然後投放簡歷，卻一無所獲。
I met Tracy in June of 20xx, when the Today Show asked me if I could work with her to see if I could help her turn things around. The first thing I told Tracy was she had to get out of the house. I told her she had to go public with her job search and tell everyone she knew about her interest in returning to work. I also told her, "You are going to have a lot of conversations that don't go anywhere. Expect that, and don't be discouraged by it. There will be a handful that ultimately lead to a job opportunity."
我在20xx年六月見到了特蕾西， 那時“今日秀”節目 問我可否與她合作， 看我能不能幫她走出困境。 我告訴特蕾西的第一件事， 就是她必須走出家門。 我告訴她，她必須 公開自己求職的想法， 然後告訴她認識的所有人， 自己再從業的強烈意願。 我還告訴她， “有很多你參與的對話 是對你完全沒有幫助的。 你要做好心理準備， 別因為那些而灰心喪氣。 找到工作機會之前， 確實要經歷很多瑣事。”
I'll tell you what happened with Tracy in a little bit, but I want to share with you a discovery that I made when I was returning to work after my own career break of 11 years out of the full-time workforce. And that is, that people's view of you is frozen in time. What I mean by this is, when you start to get in touch with people and you get back in touch with those people from the past, the people with whom you worked or went to school, they are going to remember you as you were before your career break. And that's even if your sense of self has diminished over time, as happens with so many of us the farther removed we are from our professional identities. So for example, you might think of yourself as someone who looks like this. This is me, crazy after a day of driving around in my minivan. Or here I am in the kitchen. But those people from the past, they don't know about any of this. They only remember you as you were, and it's a great confidence boost to be back in touch with these people and hear their enthusiasm about your interest in returning to work.
我稍後再告訴你們 特蕾西是如何處理的， 我想先跟大家分享 我的一個發現， 那時我剛剛回到工作中， 結束了自己離開全職工作大軍 20xx年的長假。 這個發現就是， 人們對你的印象凝固在過去。 我的意思是， 當你再次開始與人打交道， 與曾經合作過的人重新接觸， 例如跟你一起上學、工作過的人， 他們對你的印象是 離職長假之前的你。 我們的自我意識 隨著時間推移逐漸淡化， 我們很多人都會這樣， 我們距離我們的職業身份 也就越來越遠。 舉個例子， 你可能把你自己看成這樣。 這就是我，開了一天小麵包車， 整個人感覺很瘋狂。 這是我在廚房裡的樣子。 但是從前的那些人， 他們對這些一無所知。 他們只記得你曾經的樣子， 當你重新與這些人溝通時， 真是大大的增強了自信心， 而且他們對你有再從業的興趣 感到非常的開心。
There's one more thing I remember vividly from my own career break. And that was that I hardly kept up with the business news. My background is in finance, and I hardly kept up with any news when I was home caring for my four young children. So I was afraid I'd go into an interview and start talking about a company that didn't exist anymore. So I had to resubscribe to the Wall Street Journal and read it for a good six months cover to cover before I felt like I had a handle on what was going on in the business world again.
我還清晰地記得發生在 我離職長假中的一件事。 那時我幾乎完全不關注經濟新聞。 我曾是財經行業出身， 然而我在家照顧四個孩子時， 我幾乎不關注任何的新聞。 所以我很害怕， 自己去參加面試的時候， 會講到一個不復存在的公司。 所以我重新訂閱了華爾街日報， 然後連續看了六個月， 之後我才覺得自己對經濟 又有了點解了。
I believe relaunchers are a gem of the workforce, and here's why. Think about our life stage: for those of us who took career breaks for childcare reasons, we have fewer or no maternity leaves. We did that already. We have fewer spousal or partner job relocations. We're in a more settled time of life. We have great work experience. We have a more mature perspective. We're not trying to find ourselves at an employer's expense. Plus we have an energy, an enthusiasm about returning to work precisely because we've been away from it for a while.
我相信再從業者是 勞動大軍中的精英， 原因如下。 想想我們人生的階段： 對於那些因為要照顧孩子 而休離職假期的人， 大都沒有產假，或是產假很短。 我們早就做過這些了。 我們離婚率較低， 也很少因伴侶而調整工作。 我們的生活更穩定。 我們有很棒的工作經歷， 更成熟的眼光， 我們不會成為僱主的犧牲品。 此外，我們有一種能量 - 重返崗位的熱情， 正是因為我們離職一段時間了。 另外，我也跟僱主討論，
On the flip side, I speak with employers, and here are two concerns that employers have about hiring relaunchers.
以下是僱主們 關於僱傭再從業者的兩個擔憂。
The first one is, employers are worried that relaunchers are technologically obsolete. Now, I can tell you, having been technologically obsolete myself at one point, that it's a temporary condition. I had done my financial analysis so long ago that I used Lotus 1-2-3. I don't know if anyone can even remember back that far, but I had to relearn it on Excel. It actually wasn't that hard. A lot of the commands are the same. I found PowerPoint much more challenging, but now I use PowerPoint all the time. I tell relaunchers that employers expect them to come to the table with a working knowledge of basic office management software. And if they're not up to speed, then it's their responsibility to get there. And they do.
其一，僱主擔心這些再從業者 技術方面比較落後。 我可以告訴各位， 雖然有段時間我自己技術確實落後， 但那只是暫時的。 很早以前我用“蓮花123”軟體 來做財經分析， 我不知道有沒有人還記得 那麼早以前的事了， 這些技能我得在 Excel上重新拾起。 其實這並並非難事， 很多的操作指令是一樣的。 我發現PowerPoint更具挑戰性， 但現在我對PowerPoint駕輕就熟。 我告訴再從業者們， 僱主希望找工作的人 對基本的辦公管理軟體 有實踐經驗。 如果他們操作速度不夠快， 那他們就必須變得更高效。 而他們確實做得到。
The second area of concern that employers have about relaunchers is they're worried that relaunchers don't know what they want to do. I tell relaunchers that they need to do the hard work to figure out whether their interests and skills have changed or have not changed while they have been on career break. That's not the employer's job. It's the relauncher's responsibility to demonstrate to the employer where they can add the most value.
僱主對再從業者的第二種憂慮， 就是他們擔心再從業者 不清楚他們想要做什麼。 我告訴再從業者， 他們必須仔細研究， 瞭解自己的愛好或者技能 在離職長假的過程中 是否發生了變化。 這不是僱主的職責。 這個是再從業者的責任， 把自己展現給僱主， 來充分展示自己可創造的價值。
Back in 20xx I started noticing something. I had been tracking return to work programs since 20xx, and in 20xx, I started noticing the use of a short-term paid work opportunity, whether it was called an internship or not, but an internship-like experience, as a way for professionals to return to work. I saw Goldman Sachs and Sara Lee start corporate reentry internship programs. I saw a returning engineer, a nontraditional reentry candidate, apply for an entry-level internship program in the military, and then get a permanent job afterward. I saw two universities integrate internships into mid-career executive education programs.
20xx年，我開始注意到一件事。 我從20xx年開始追蹤 人們重返崗位的情況， 然而在20xx年，我開始注意到， 一種短期、帶薪的工作機會開始出現， 不論它是不是名叫“實習”， 但總之是一個很像實習的經歷， 這為重回崗位的專業人士 開闢了一條道路。 我看到高盛和莎莉集團 都開始了此類 二次從業的實習專案。 我看到一個再從業的工程師， 算是不太傳統的再從業人士， 申請了一個 軍方的初級實習專案， 後來他獲得了一個永久的工作。 我看到兩所大學 將實習專案整合到 職業中期管理學教育專案中。
So I wrote a report about what I was seeing, and it became this article for Harvard Business Review called "The 40-Year-Old Intern." I have to thank the editors there for that title, and also for this artwork where you can see the 40-year-old intern in the midst of all the college interns. And then, courtesy of Fox Business News, they called the concept "The 50-Year-Old Intern."
於是，就我所觀察到的現象， 我寫了一篇報告， 後來它發表在了 《哈佛商業評論》中， 名字叫《40歲的實習生》。 我必須得感謝編者擬的標題， 還有這個很棒的配圖， 你們可以看到那個40歲的實習生 出現在一群大學實習生中。 後來，還得感謝福克斯商業新聞， 他們把這個概念稱為 “50歲的實習生”。
So five of the biggest financial services companies have reentry internship programs for returning finance professionals. And at this point, hundreds of people have participated. These internships are paid, and the people who move on to permanent roles are commanding competitive salaries. And now, seven of the biggest engineering companies are piloting reentry internship programs for returning engineers as part of an initiative with the Society of Women Engineers. Now, why are companies embracing the reentry internship? Because the internship allows the employer to base their hiring decision on an actual work sample instead of a series of interviews, and the employer does not have to make that permanent hiring decision until the internship period is over. This testing out period removes the perceived risk that some managers attach to hiring relaunchers, and they are attracting excellent candidates who are turning into great hires.
五家最大的金融服務公司 都設立了再從業實習專案， 專為重回崗位的金融精英。 截至目前，數百人蔘與了這些專案。 這些實習專案是帶薪的， 而且那些晉升到永久崗位的人， 都有極具競爭力的薪資。 現在，七家最大的工程公司， 也在推行再從業實習專案， 來幫助重返崗位的工程師， 這也是女性工程師協會 新方案的一部分。 那麼，為什麼這些企業 大力支援再從業實習呢? 因為這種實習可以讓僱主 基於參與者實際工作成效 來做出僱傭決策， 而非一系列的面試， 而且僱主不必在實習結束之前 就做出永久僱傭的決定。 這段試驗期消除了一定的風險， 這關乎某些經理人 對僱傭再從業者的擔憂， 同時，這也吸引了大量再從業人士， 他們成為了出色的僱傭物件。
Think about how far we have come. Before this, most employers were not interested in engaging with relaunchers at all. But now, not only are programs being developed specifically with relaunchers in mind, but you can't even apply for these programs unless you have a gap on your résumé.
各位,想一想我們取得的進步， 在此之前，大多數僱主 根本沒興趣與再從業者打交道。 然而現在，有許多專案在開展實施， 特別是針對再從業者的專案， 如果簡歷上沒有一段空檔期， 你根本不能申請這些專案。
This is the mark of real change, of true institutional shift, because if we can solve this problem for relaunchers, we can solve it for other career transitioners too. In fact, an employer just told me that their veterans return to work program is based on their reentry internship program. And there's no reason why there can't be a retiree internship program. Different pool, same concept.
這標誌著一種實質變化， 一種真正的制度變革， 因為如果我們可以 為再從業者解決這個問題， 我們亦可為其他的職業轉型者 解決同樣的問題。 事實上，一位僱主剛剛告訴我， 他們的“退伍軍人再從業專案”， 就是基於他們的再從業實習專案。 我們也沒有理由不去設立 一個“退休人士實習專案”。 不同的物件，相同的概念。
So let me tell you what happened with Tracy Shapiro. Remember that she had to tell everyone she knew about her interest in returning to work. Well, one critical conversation with another parent in her community led to a job offer for Tracy, and it was an accounting job in a finance department. But it was a temp job. The company told her there was a possibility it could turn into something more, but no guarantees. This was in the fall of 20xx. Tracy loved this company, and she loved the people and the office was less than 10 minutes from her house. So even though she had a second job offer at another company for a permanent full-time role, she decided to take her chances with this internship and hope for the best. Well, she ended up blowing away all of their expectations, and the company not only made her a permanent offer at the beginning of 20xx, but they made it even more interesting and challenging, because they knew what Tracy could handle.
讓我告訴你們特蕾西·莎碧羅 最後發生了什麼。 各位回想一下， 她必須告訴她認識的每一個人， 自己對重返工作崗位很有興趣。 結果，她與自己社群裡的長輩 進行了一次關鍵的談話， 這讓她找到了一份工作邀請。 那是一個金融部門的會計工作。 但那是臨時的。 公司告訴她， 有可能有崗位晉升的機會， 但是不能保證。 那是20xx年的秋天。 特蕾西很愛那個公司， 而且她喜歡那裡的員工， 從辦公室去她家只需10分鐘。 所以即使她後來得到了 第二份工作邀請， 來自另一家公司， 而且有永久、全職的保證， 她決定在這份實習專案中冒冒險， 盡人事，聽天命。 最後，她的業績 遠遠超出了所有人的期望值， 公司不但提供了她永久崗位， 那是在20xx年初， 而且他們還讓她的工作 更加有趣、有挑戰性， 因為他們知道特蕾西可以辦得到。
Fast forward to 20xx, Tracy's been promoted. They've paid for her to get her MBA at night. She's even hired another relauncher to work for her. Tracy's temp job was a tryout, just like an internship, and it ended up being a win for both Tracy and her employer.
時間快進到20xx年， 特蕾西獲得了晉升。 公司為她的夜校工商管理課程買單。 她甚至僱傭了 另一位再從業者為她工作。 特蕾西的臨時工作像是一個試驗， 就像實習專案， 而最終，特蕾西和她的僱主 達到了雙贏局面。
Now, my goal is to bring the reentry internship concept to more and more employers. But in the meantime, if you are returning to work after a career break, don't hesitate to suggest an internship or an internship-like arrangement to an employer that does not have a formal reentry internship program. Be their first success story, and you can be the example for more relaunchers to come.
我的目標是將這種 再從業實習的概念 推薦給越來越多的僱主。 但是與此同時， 如果你在離職長假後重返崗位， 別猶豫向僱主提議設立實習專案， 或者類似實習專案的想法， 特別是那些沒有 正式的再從業實習專案的公司。 爭當他們的第一個成功故事， 而你們都可以成為 未來更多再從業者的楷模。
Thank you.
謝謝大家。
When you are a kid, you get asked this one particular question a lot, it really gets kind of annoying. What do you want to be when you grow up? Now, adults are hoping for answers like, I want to be an astronaut or I want to be a neurosurgeon, you’re adults in your imaginations.
Kids, they’re most likely to answer with pro-skateboarder, surfer or minecraft player. I asked my little brother, and he said, seriously dude, I’m 10, I have no idea, probably a pro-skier, let’s go get some ice cream.
See, us kids are going to answer something we’re stoked on, what we think is cool, what we have experience with, and that’s typically the opposite of what adults want to hear.
But if you ask a little kid, sometimes you’ll get the best answer, something so simple, so obvious and really profound. When I grow up, I want to be happy.
For me, when I grow up, I want to continue to be happy like I am now. I’m stoked to be here at TedEx, I mean, I’ve been watching Ted videos for as long as I can remember, but I never thought I’d make it on the stage here so soon. I mean, I just became a teenager, and like most teenage boys, I spend most of my time wondering, how did my room get so messy all on its own.
Did I take a shower today? And the most perplexing of all, how do I get girls to like me? Neurosciences say that the teenage brain is pretty weird, our prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped, but we actually have more neurons than adults, which is why we can be so creative, and impulsive and moody and get bummed out.
But what bums me out is to know that, a lot of kids today are just wishing to be happy, to be healthy, to be safe, not bullied, and be loved for who they are. So it seems to me when adults say, what do you want to be when you grow up? They just assume that you’ll automatically be happy and healthy.
Well, maybe that’s not the case, go to school, go to college, get a job, get married, boom, then you’ll be happy, right? You don’t seem to make learning how to be happy and healthy a priority in our schools, it’s separate from schools. And for some kids, it doesn’t exists at all? But what if we didn’t make it separate? What if we based education on the study and practice of being happy and healthy, because that’s what it is, a practice, and a simple practice at that?
Education is important, but why is being happy and healthy not considered education, I just don’t get it. So I’ve been studying the science of being happy and healthy. It really comes down to practicing these eight things. Exercise, diet and nutrition, time in nature, contribution, service to others, relationships, recreation, relaxation and stress management, and religious or spiritual involvement, yes, got that one.
So these eight things come from Dr. Roger Walsh, he calls them Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes or TLCs for short. He is a scientist that studies how to be happy and healthy. In researching this talk, I got a chance to ask him a few questions like; do you think that our schools today are making these eight TLCs a priority? His response was no surprise, it was essentially no. But he did say that many people do try to get this kind of education outside of the traditional arena, through reading and practices such as meditation or yoga.
But what I thought was his best response was that, much of education is oriented for better or worse towards making a living rather than making a life.
In 20__, Sir Ken Robinson gave the most popular Ted talk of all time. Schools kill creativity. His message is that creativity is as important as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
A lot of parents watched those videos, some of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized I’m part of this small, but growing revolution of kids who are going about their education differently, and you know what? It freaks a lot of people out.
Even though I was only nine, when my parents pulled me out of the school system, I can still remember my mom being in tears when some of her friends told her she was crazy and it was a stupid idea.
Looking back, I’m thankful she didn’t cave to peer pressure, and I think she is too. So, out of the 200 million people that have watched Sir Ken Robinson’s talk, why aren’t there more kids like me out there?
Shane McConkey is my hero. I loved him because he was the world’s best skier. But then, one day I realized what I really loved about Shane, he was a hacker. Not a computer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing what it is today, and why I love to ski. A lot of people think of hackers as geeky computer nerds who live in their parent’s basement and spread computer viruses, but I don’t see it that way.
e ice cream.
See, us kids are going to ansatically be happy and healthy.
es doe from Dr. Roger e of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized Im part of this small, but groputer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing munity, and through a net around the nation, and that sparked my love of e basic physics concepts like kinetic energy through experimenting and making mistakes.
My favorite munity organizations play a big part in my education, High Fives Foundations Basics program being aizing hats and selling them. The people cliff-to-cliff. Skiing to me is freedom, and so is my education, its about being creative; doing things differently, its about community and helping each other. Its about being happy and healthy among my very best friends.
So Im starting to think, I know what I might want to do when I grow up, but if you ask me what do I want to be when I grow up? Ill always know that I want to be happy. Thank you.
人有了錢就會變壞？社會心理學家Paul Piff通過操縱大富翁遊戲做了一個有趣的實驗，測試人們感到富有時會如何表現。
I want you to， for a moment， think about playing a game of Monopoly， except in this game， that combination of skill， talent and luck that help earn you success in games， as in life， has been rendered irrelevant， because this game's been rigged， and you've got the upper hand。 You've got more money， more opportunities to move around the board， and more access to resources。 And as you think about that experience， I want you to ask yourself， how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player？
So we ran a study on the U。C。 Berkeley campus to look at exactly that question。 We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab， and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game。 They got two times as much money。 When they passed Go， they collected twice the salary， and they got to roll both dice instead of one， so they got to move around the board a lot more。 （Laughter） And over the course of 15 minutes， we watched through hidden cameras what happened。 And what I want to do today， for the first time， is show you a little bit of what we saw。 You're going to have to pardon the sound quality， in some cases， because again， these were hidden cameras。 So we've provided subtitles。 Rich Player： How many 500s did you have？ Poor Player： Just one。
Rich Player： Are you serious。 Poor Player： Yeah。
Rich Player： I have three。 （Laughs） I don't know why they gave me so much。
Paul Piff： Okay， so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up。 One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person， and yet， as the game unfolded， we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players。 The rich player started to move around the board louder， literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around。 We were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs， displays of power and celebration among the rich players。
We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side。 It's on the bottom right corner there。 That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior。 So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat。
Rich Player： Are those pretzels a trick？
Poor Player： I don't know。
PP： Okay， so no surprises， people are onto us。 They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place。 One even asks， like you just saw， is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick？ And yet， despite that， the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate， and those rich players start to eat more pretzels。
Rich Player： I love pretzels。
（Laughter）
PP： And as the game went on， one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person， less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor， poor players， and more and more demonstrative of their material success， more likely to showcase how well they're doing。 Rich Player： I have money for everything。 Poor Player： How much is that？ Rich Player： You owe me 24 dollars。 You're going to lose all your money soon。 I'll buy it。 I have so much money。 I have so much money， it takes me forever。 Rich Player 2： I'm going to buy out this whole board。 Rich Player 3： You're going to run out of money soon。 I'm pretty much untouchable at this point。
PP： Okay， and here's what I think was really， really interesting， is that at the end of the 15 minutes， we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game。 And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of Monopoly —— （Laughter） — they talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game， and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation， including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place。 And that's a really， really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage。
Now this game of Monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure， wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status， and a lot of people don't。 They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources。 And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies。 What we've been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a person's levels of wealth increase， their feelings of compassion and empathy go down， and their feelings of entitlement， of deservingness， and their ideology of self—interest increases。 In surveys， we found that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good， and that the pursuit of self—interest is favorable and moral。 Now what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self—interest， talk about why we should care about those implications， and end with what might be done。
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