Darwin's theory of natural selection, the main content of four points: over-breeding, survival struggle (also known as competition for survival), genetic and variation, the survival of the fittest.
This idea was first put forward by the French biologist Lamarck, in his "philosophy of animals" systematically expounded his theory of evolution (by the descendants of the descendants of Known as the "Lamarck doctrine"), proposed two rules: one is to use into the waste; one is acquired genetic. And that the two are both the causes of variation, but also to adapt to the formation process. He suggested that species can be changed, the stability of species only relative significance. The reason for biological evolution is the direct impact of environmental conditions on living organisms. That the biological impact of the new environment, the habit of change, some of the frequently used organs developed, the infrequent use of organs gradually degraded. It is believed that the species can be gradually transformed into new species by continuously strengthening and perfecting the adaptable traits, and these acquired traits can be passed on to the offspring so that the organisms can evolve gradually. And that adaptation is the main process of biological the first time, he explored the motive force of biological evolution from the aspect of the relationship between biology and environment, which provided a theoretical basis for Darwin's theory of evolution. However, due to the level of production and scientific level of constraints, Lamarck in explaining the causes of evolution, the environment for the direct role of organisms and inherited traits to offspring process is too simplistic, as a lack of scientific basis for a corollary, And mistakenly believe that the biological nature of the upward trend with the development, and the animal's will and desire to play a role in evolution. Darwin refuted his argument.
Giraffe ancestors are short, because to eat high leaves, it desperately "long" neck, the results of the neck long, inherited to the next generation; deep-sea fish, because they do not see light, eye degradation, But also to the next generation doctrine has a fatal flaw, although the body changed, but the gene did not change, long and then high will not be passed on to the next generation.
With Darwin's point of view, is the giraffe because of gene recessive and dominant problems, some high, some short, high survived, genes inherited to the next generation, more and more high, and short, because there is noFood and death, the gene is difficult to inherit, so the last disappearance of the deep-sea fish blind eyes, because the coincidence of the eye fish is not applicable to be eliminated, or slowly degenerate after birth.
But Darwin's point of view is also limited by what, according to Darwin, the species of the world should begin with, such as giraffes, long necks, short but long adaptive environments , While the short neck is naturally eliminated, then that is when the giraffe should be a variety of it? The same explanation, why some birds color is white? Because other colors of birds are not suitable for the environment, it means that the birds before is colorful? In fact, Darwin was not aware of such a point of view - gene mutation. In nature, not only the environment in the selection of species, at the same time, the species itself is to adapt to the environment. When the organism itself is not suitable for the requirements of the environment when the gene mutation will be timely and health, this is the reason to promote the development of nature. Human analogy, human intelligence is not a natural result of the inevitable choice, according to Darwin's point of view, then the former people should have a high IQ also have low IQ, low IQ is not suitable for the environment and be eliminated, then this is clearly notConsistent with the development perspective. When the changes in the environment has not suitable for the survival of the ancient ape, when the body will occur mutations in many mutations in the environment to adapt to the mutation gene was retained, not suited to be eliminated. Sometimes the mutation rate of species is far beyond the speed of people's imagination, New York City has been found in the frozen food library with long plush mice, but around no such species. Indicating that the mice in order to eat the food library of food, due to long-term in low temperature environment foraging, the body produced a gene mutation.
The general difference is that Darwin believed that the evolution of species is not in accordance with the biological will, but the selection of nature.
Marx spoke highly of Darwin's doctrine, which he wrote in his letter to Engels: "Darwin's" origin of species "contains the natural scientific basis of our theory." Marx, after the publication of Capital, sent it to Darwin. "This book I must read, the nature of our work is different, but the purpose is one, are for the happiness of mankind," Darwin wrote to Marx in reply,
1859 became the division of the history of science before and after the two "world" boundaries. The publication of "the origin of species" revolutionized biology, which, like Marxism on the stage of history, was of great significance and far-reaching influence. Darwin was far from the hustle and bustle of the great city and prepared a revolution in his quiet manor, which Marx himself prepared for in the world's clamor. The difference was that the levers were applied to the other. - Liebknecht
Darwin's dominant idea of "the origin of species", that is, "natural selection", will be accepted as scientific truth-finding. It has all the great natural scientific truths have the characteristics of fuzzy for the clear, complex and simple, and in the old knowledge to add a lot of new things. Darwin was the greatest revolutionist of this century, and even of all the century's natural history. - British botanist Watson
I do not think the book "Origin of Species" is so good that it touches people who know nothing about the problem. As for Darwin's theory, I am prepared to support even through fire and water. - British naturalist Huxley
Schultz, a historian of psychology, commented in 1981: "In Darwin's theory, the importance of the psychological factors of species evolution is obvious, and he often cites the human and animal consciousness of a result of psychology and evolution , So psychology has to accept this evolutionary point of view.
Charles(查爾斯) Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage of the Beagle貝格爾號的航程, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two. No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.
His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty(nouty頑皮的), and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.
Charles soon became a keen collector. He collected anything that caught his interest: insects(昆蟲類), seashells(貝殼), coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist.
He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments. But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days was an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.
In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his father sent him to Edinburgh(愛丁堡re) to study medicine, saying ：“As you like natural history so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”
But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections(剝離) frightening. But at Edinburgh ，he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms海船蛀蟲 to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.
Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest.(牧師) With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.
He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion. At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible (聖經)was true.
Then a letter from Captain Robert Fitzroy菲茨羅伊 changed his life. Fitzroy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommended. That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.
In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood.
He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro里約熱內盧 in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and color. His notebooks were full of detailed observations(觀察值).
Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils(fosoo化石). Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez科爾特斯 brought his from Spain(西班牙sban)
They came to Tierra del Fuego火地島 at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.
“How can people be so different, if all are descended(從一個祖先傳下來的) from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden伊甸園?” Charles wondered.
A trip into the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.
“So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...” To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling(費解的).
In Chile(智利, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes火山wo ka no), he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner稀釋劑 in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.
As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.
But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man. But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like “mistakes” which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?
On went Beagle, to Tahiti塔西提島, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral 珊瑚(callroll)and coral islands for the first time. How had these islands come about? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled (paie )up堆積 over millions of years —a million years for each island. Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.
After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.
He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children. He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.
His first great work The Zoology動物學 of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.
Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded說服(pesiwayde) Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace華萊士, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together. A year later，Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.
People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honors for his work.
Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent下降 of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution習俗, when the whole audience stood up and clapped.
His health grew worse, but still he worked. “When I have to give up observation, I shall die,” he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.
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