各位遊客們，我們現在來到的是世界上最大的城市中心廣場，天安門廣場，面積達到了44萬平方米，而且北京在世界上的地理位置就是以廣場的經緯度(東經：116°23′17″，北緯：39°54′27″)來確定的。它坐落在北京市中心，一直注視著北京自古至今的歷史變革。在明代，這裡曾叫做承天門廣場，出現了T型廣場，當然，現在已經沒有了。清代的時候才改為現在的天安門廣場。在辛亥革命以後，天安門廣場成了最好的群眾運動集結地，著名的五四運動，一二九學生運動等等就是在這裡發生的。而在這裡最著名的事件，相信大家一定知道，那就是在1949.10.1的開國大典，當時這裡聚集了30萬人，共同來慶祝新中國的成立。解放以後，將T型廣場拆除，建了人民英雄紀念碑，人民大會堂和歷史博物館，革命博物館等大型建築。而在76年，毛主席去世後，在原來中華門的位置上建立起了毛主席紀念堂，從而形成了廣場今天的建築格局。而在國慶50週年的時候，天安門廣場經歷了一系列的整修，使廣場更加美麗壯觀整潔。各位一定很嚮往我所描述的天安門廣場，沒有關係，在接下來的遊覽過程，我將向大家一一介紹。
明代永樂年間，這裡叫做承天門，只是一個木牌坊，取“承天啟運，受命於天”之意。可是明代的時候被燒燬了，後來修建了面闊九間，進深五間的城樓，真正體現了帝王的之尊。但是明朝末年，又被毀了。而在清順治年間，重修城樓以後，改名為天安門，將另外的三個皇城門兒都改名為帶安字的，將故宮三大殿都改名為帶和字的，體現了內和外安的美好願望。這就是我們現在所看的城樓，它由城基、城臺、城樓三個部分組成。基座是漢白玉須彌座，這是我國古代最高等級的基座，高1.59米。城臺高14.6米。而城樓重簷歇山頂，這也是當時殿宇屋頂的最高等級。整座建築高33.7米，在70年重修後，升高了一米。
這座建築等級非常高的城樓，它的作用也同樣非常重要。明清時候，凡是遇到國家大典，都要在城樓上舉行“金鳳頒詔”的儀式，(就是頒詔時，在城樓正中堞口設宣詔臺。宣詔後，用黃絲線機上一隻木雕金鳳，金鳳口中銜著詔書順牆而下，禮部官員用朵雲盤接住，然後放入龍亭，頌到禮部，隨後頒佈天下。)而且每當皇帝出宮祭祀的時候，這裡是必經之路。對於新中國最重要的時刻也是這裡產生的，毛主席就是在天安門城樓上莊嚴宣告新中國成立，並且親自生氣了新中國第一面五星紅旗。在城樓上掛的毛主席畫像，在每年國慶之前都要更換一次。
在天安門城樓前面的這一條河，被稱為金水河。那這裡為什麼被稱為金水河呢?因為這條河是從北京的西北方向被引過來的，而在陰陽五行中，西屬金，北屬水，所以這條河命名為金水河，而河上的7座漢白玉橋，就是金水橋。其中最旁邊的這兩座橋叫做公生橋，分別對應著太廟和社稷壇，也就是現在的勞動人民文化宮和中山公園。而中間的這座是御路橋，是皇帝皇后專用的，它旁邊的兩座是皇族橋，供宗室王公行走，在旁邊的兩座是品級橋，只有三品以上的官員才可以通過。
在金水橋前面，左右各有一個石獅子。左邊的是雄師，右邊的是雌獅。我們是如何分出雌雄的呢?因為雄師腳踩的是繡球，而雌獅則是幼獅。現在為了保護文物，這對獅子已經被圍欄保護起來了。在天安門前後各有一對華表，其實華表的原名叫做誹謗木，是皇帝為了表示自己能夠採納意見和接受意見而設立的，逐漸演變成了今天的華表。它的頂端的異獸叫做吼，北華表上的叫做望君出，意思是為了讓皇帝出宮體察民情 ，而南端的 則叫望君歸，意思是皇帝不要留戀宮外的花花世界，應該及時回宮處理政務。
現在請大家向後轉，在我們身後，就是天安門廣場。在明清時候，這裡是成T字型的，中間是南北走向的御路，在御路兩側，建有千步廊，兩邊都有廊房110 間，到了長安街南側，在隨著紅牆向東西兩側延伸，有廊房34間，所以千步廊共有228間廊房。而在御路的最南端明代時是大明門，清朝則改為大清門;東西兩側的門分別是長安左門和長安右門，也分別稱為龍門和虎門，因為在科考之後，黃榜在長安左門公佈，考中的進士要從這裡進入皇城，所以稱之為龍門，而虎門的來由則是每年霜降以後，朝廷都要對犯人進行審查，而審定的犯人則被帶出長安右門，等於落入虎口，所以稱為虎門。而訂立這些，都是與五行有關。
在我國古代，有文東武西之說，所以在千步廊東西兩側就是五府六部的所在地。在廣場東側，現在的歷史博物館一帶，基本上都是中央文職機關，而西側，也就是人民大會堂一帶，則是五軍都督府。為了方便這些官員進入皇城，所以就在龍門虎門外各建了一道南北走向的大門，東公生門和西公生門。
現在我們已經看不到那時候的痕跡了，取而代之的是更有歷史意義和政治特色的現代化建築。
在廣場西側，是人民大會堂。它於1958年10月動工，歷時一年，在59年國慶節前就完工了，佔地面積17.18萬平方米。整座建築像一個“山”字，中央最高處是46.5米，是整個天安門廣場中的最高建築。大會堂分為三個部分：中央是萬人大禮堂，總面積達36000平方米，有席坐一萬個，禮堂頂部有巨大的紅五角星，放出70到光芒，整個穹頂的裝飾佈局不僅很壯麗，而且還象徵著萬民一心，團結在黨中央周圍;北部是宴會廳，總面積7000多平方米是我國最大的宴會廳;南部則是人大辦公樓，這裡包括全國37各省市自治區直轄市特區格局特色的會議廳，例如重慶廳，香港廳等等。
在廣場東北部是中國革命博物館，61年7月1日正式對外開放，主要展品是五四以來的革命資料，而周恩來同志紀念館爺在博物館中，展品內容極為豐富。廣場東南部是中國歷史博物館，它的前身是北京歷史博物館，在26年改為國立歷史博物館，過了4年，改為中央研究院北平歷史博物館，而在34年4月，這裡又改為中央博物館籌備處、北平歷史博物館。它的展品內容是從奴隸制社會夏商周直到清王朝滅亡數千年曆史的文物，貨幣，圖畫等30多萬件，分朝代展出。
正對著天安門城樓的是人民英雄紀念碑。根據49年9月中國人民政治協商會議第一屆全體會議的決議，在天安門廣場修建了人民英雄紀念碑，向全國徵集了 240多幅設計方案，選出了3個方案，最後決定以樑思成的設計方案為主，在綜合其他三個方案，融為一體。也就是我們今天所看到的紀念碑。52.8.1正式興建，在58.4建成，5.1隆重揭幕。重達百噸的碑芯巨石是由青島運來北京的，經過一系列的加工雕琢後，成品高14.7米，寬2.9米，厚1米，重60 噸，碑身有413塊花崗岩組成。而石碑基座是由17000多塊花崗岩和漢白玉組成，面積為3000多平方米。
紀念碑的正面向著天安門，刻有鎦金板鑲嵌，毛主席親筆書寫的“人民英雄永垂不朽”，背面則是由毛主席起草，周總理書寫的158字的碑文(三年以來，在人民解放戰爭和人民革命中犧牲的人民英雄們永垂不朽 三十年以來，在人民解放戰爭和人民革命中犧牲的人民英雄們永垂不朽，由此上溯到一千八百四十年，從那時起為了反對內外敵人，爭取民族獨立和人民自由幸福，在歷次鬥爭中犧牲的人民英雄們永垂不朽)。碑座四周共有8幅浮雕，高2米，總長40.68米。從東面起，由歷史順序排列，依次是：虎門銷煙，今田起義，武昌運動，五四運動，五卅運動，南昌起義，抗日戰爭，勝利渡江。在勝利渡江的兩旁，還有兩幅裝飾性的圖案，內容是：支援前線和歡迎人民解放軍。全部浮雕共有 180個人物。
在人民英雄紀念碑南邊，就是毛主席紀念堂。紀念堂在1976.11.24動工興建，僅用了六個月，就全部建成。於毛主席去世一週年時正式開放。在紀念堂北門前有東西兩組泥塑，都以革命史詩為內容。主體建築南門則是以繼承毛主席遺志、各族人民顯示出無比信心為內容的。南門外的30面紅旗，代表了我國三十各省市自治區。紀念堂的臺基四周是用來自大渡河畔的棗紅色花崗岩砌起，基石周圍砌進了來自珠穆朗瑪峰的石頭和澆灌了中國臺灣海峽的水。整個紀念堂主體建築由三個部分組成：一進入碑大廳，迎面有三米高的毛主席塑像，這裡市舉行紀念活動的地方;從北大廳南側的金絲楠木大門進去，就是瞻仰廳，毛主席的遺體就安放在這裡;瞻仰廳的南側是南大廳，毛主席的《滿江紅》詩詞鐫刻於這裡。三個大廳的東西兩側，有休息廳和老革命家紀念室，現在信增了鄧小平和陳雲同志的紀念室。
在毛主席紀念堂後面，就是內城的正門——正陽門。在過去，正陽門就是全國最高的建築，取意：聖主當陽、日至中天，萬國瞻仰的意思。現在這裡是北京所剩的唯一儲存完整的城樓和箭樓。
在明清時代，西城和南城市民來往的交通樞紐是棋盤街，現在位置大概在毛主席紀念堂和正陽門城樓之間的廣場上。
其實天安門廣場還有一個非常著名的景觀，那就是升旗和降旗儀式，每天都會有數以萬計的人來觀看儀式。我國國旗圖案的設計者是曾聯鬆，第一面國旗製作者是國營永茂實業公司的宋樹信，這面特大的國旗長5米多，寬3米多，在開國大典上，毛主席親手升起了這面象徵新中國誕生的國旗。
天安門廣場原來的旗杆基座是封閉的，升降旗不方便，而且裝置已經陳舊，所以在1991.2.25改建新基座，同時改建旗杆。新基座平面為三層，第一層是漢白玉製成，四周都有出入通道，第二層是紅褐色花崗岩，象徵人民江山萬代紅，第三層是綠化帶，象徵社會主義祖國欣欣向榮，另外，四周是56個金黃色銅製的隔離墩，象徵著56個民族手拉手、心連心團結在國旗下。
新的旗杆是首鋼製造的無縫鋼管制成，分4節，重7噸，高32.6米，20年不會鏽蝕。
在每旬的第一天或者國家重要慶典，都要舉行節日升降旗儀式，其他日子也要舉行平時升降旗儀式。每天升旗的時間以日出為準，降旗則是以日落為準，要奏國歌，節日的時候是軍樂隊現場演奏，而平時則是放錄音。如果各位有興趣，也可以在方便的情況下來觀看這一重要景觀。
Tiananmen Square is located in the center of Beijing and on the centralaxis of the city. It is 880 meters long from north to South and 500 meters widefrom east to west. It covers an area of 440000 square meters and can accommodate1 million people to hold a grand gathering. It is the largest city center squarein the world.
After the revolution of 1911, Tiananmen Square was opened to the outsideworld. Because it is located in the center of the city, it has become a placefor mass meetings, speeches and processions. 1920___ The May 4th Movement in1935, the December 9th student movement in 1935, and the anti hunger and anticivil war demonstrations in 1947 all took place in Tiananmen Square.
Mao Ze, October 1, 1949___ The founding of the people's Republic of Chinawas announced on Tiananmen Square, and the first five-star red flag of new Chinawas personally raised. 300000 people in the capital participated in the grandceremony.
In the north of Tiananmen Square, there is a main street running throughthe East and west of Beijing - Chang'an Street; the five-star red flag is flyinghigh along the north edge of the square; the monument to the people's Heroesstands in the center of the square; Chairman Mao's memorial hall is located inthe South of the monument, where the former Daming gate, Daqing gate andZhonghua Gate are located; Zhengyangmen tower and Jianlou tower are thebuildings at the south end of the square; the Great Hall of the people islocated in the west side of the square; The National Museum of China is locatedon the east side of the square.
First of all, let me introduce Chang'an Street. Chang'an Street in the Mingand Qing Dynasties was divided into two sections. The East Chang'an Street wasfrom the left gate of Chang'an to Dongdan pailou, and the West Chang'an Streetwas from the right gate of Chang'an to Xidan pailou, with a total length ofabout 10 Li, commonly known as "10 Li Long Street". In 1966, Chang'an Street wastransformed into an important traffic road across the East and west of y's Chang'an Street starts from Tongzhou District in the East and ends atShijingshan District in the west, with an average width of 70 meters and amaximum width of 100 meters. With a total length of 92 Li, it is known as"hundred Li Long Street".
After Chang'an Street, you can get to the north side of the square. Thefirst thing we see is the flag and flagpole. The designer of the national flagis Mr. Zeng Liansong. In 1991, China promulgated the national flag law. In orderto meet the requirements of the new ceremony of raising and lowering thenational flag, the original flagpole base and flagpole were reformed. Thereconstructed flagpole base covers an area of 36 square meters, surrounded bywhite marble railings and 2-meter-wide steps. The outer ring of the base ispaved with ochre red granite more than 2 meters wide, and the outermost layer isa green belt 5 meters wide. The guardrail outside the green belt is composed of56 golden copper isolation piers, symbolizing the unity of 56 nationalitiesunder the national flag. The new flagpole is made of seamless steel tube, 32.6meters high, assembled in 4 sections, weighing 7 tons. After special treatment,it can reach 20 meters___ No rust in years.
In addition, the "National Flag Law" stipulates that the flag raisingceremony is divided into two kinds: Festival flag raising and weekday flagraising. The flag raising and lowering ceremony will be held every nationalimportant celebration or on the 1st of every month. At that time, 36 officersand soldiers of the national flag guard of the Chinese people's Armed PoliceForce and 60 members of the military band will form a guard of honor, and themilitary band will play the National Anthem live. During the flag raisingceremony, only 36 officers and soldiers of the national flag guard performed thetask of guard of honor, and the national anthem was recorded during theceremony. The rising and falling time of the national flag is determinedaccording to the time of sunrise and sunset every day. The whole process is 2minutes and 7 seconds.
The monument to the people's Heroes is located in the center of the September 30, 1949, the first plenary session of the Chinese people'sPolitical Consultative Conference adopted a resolution to erect the monument tothe people's Heroes in Tiananmen Square. That afternoon, Mao Ze___ He led allCPPCC members to hold a grand foundation laying ceremony in Tiananmen than a year later, Liang Sicheng's design scheme was determined as the mainone, and various opinions were solicited to form today's model. Constructionstarted in 1952 and the opening ceremony was held on May 1, 1958.
The monument to the people's heroes we see today is built on a two-storyplatform, 38 meters high. The top of the monument is regulated by the core of the monument weighs more than 60 tons. The body of the monument ismade of 413 pieces of granite. The whole building uses more than 17000 pieces ofgranite and white marble. The front of the monument is made by Mao Ze___ "Thepeople's heroes will never die" was inscribed. The inscription on the back iswritten by Mao Ze___ The content of the inscription is: "the people's heroes whodied in the people's Liberation War and the people's revolution in the pastthree years are immortal! The people's heroes who died in the people'sLiberation War and the people's revolution in the past 30 years are immortal! Itcan be traced back to 1840 years. Since then, in order to fight against theinternal and external enemies and strive for national independence and people'sfreedom." The people's heroes who died in all previous struggles are immortal!"Below the body of the tablet is a small pedestal. Three wreaths are carved inthe north and south directions of the pedestal, one in the East and one in theWest. There are eight wreaths on all sides. The wreaths are composed of peony,lotus, Lily and chrysanthemum. The 10 tablets of the marble carving aresurrounded by the stone tablets under the small tablet. The contents are in thefollowing order: "Humen destructed opium", "Jintian uprising", "Wuchanguprising", "54 movements", "May 30 Movement", "Nanchang uprising", "AntiJapanese War", and "victory crossing the river." There are two decorativereliefs on both sides of "crossing the river in victory", which are "supportingthe front line" and "welcoming the people's Liberation Army". All the reliefshave 180 tasks, summarizing my revolutionary history of more than 100 years. Themonument to the people's Heroes is the first large memorial building in NewChina.
Chairman Mao Memorial Hall is located on the south side of the monument. Agold plaque inscribed "Chairman Mao Memorial Hall" by Hua Guofeng is hung on thedoor. The whole project of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall took only six months, andwas completed on September 9, 1977 in MAOZe___ It was officially opened to theoutside world on the anniversary of his death. The first floor of the memorialhall is divided into three parts. The North Hall is the place wherecommemorative activities are held. In the center of the North Hall is ChairmanMao's white jade sitting statue, behind which is a giant picture of themountains and rivers of the motherland embroidered with velvet. In the center ofthe hall is Chairman Mao's crystal coffin. The crystal coffin is placed on ablack granite coffin bed. In the crystal coffin is Chairman Mao's body coveredwith the flag of the Communist Party of China. Chairman Mao's poem "man JiangHong and Comrade Guo Moruo" is engraved on the north wall of the South e are two groups of group sculptures outside the north gate and South Gateof the memorial hall. There are 62 figures in the four groups, which are jointlycompleted by more than 100 sculptors from 18 provinces in China.
On the west side of the square is the Great Hall of the people, which wasbuilt to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the people's Republicof China. It was one of the top ten buildings in the 1950s. The Great Hall ofthe people is the tallest building in Tiananmen Square with the shape of"mountain" and the highest point in the center of 46.5 meters. Its constructionarea exceeds that of the Forbidden City. There are 134 pillars around the hall,including 12 pillars at the east main entrance, each of which is 25m high and 2min diameter. All are inlaid with natural marble. The national emblem on theforehead is 4 meters in diameter and weighs 2 tons. The Great Hall of the peopleis mainly divided into three parts: in the south is the office area of theNational People's Congress; in the middle is the auditorium of ten thousandpeople's Congress, which can hold ten thousand people to hold meetings; in thenorth is the banquet hall, which can hold five thousand people's banquet and tenthousand people's reception. It is the largest banquet hall in China.
To the east of the square is the National Museum of China. 20___ It wasofficially established on February 28, 20__, and the name of the library is___Comrade's inscription is one of the top ten buildings in the 1950s. In thesouthern part of the National Museum is the Museum of Chinese history, in whichthe basic display is "general history of China", starting from the Yuanmoupeople 1.7 million years ago until the fall of the Qing Dynasty; in the northernpart is the Museum of Chinese revolution, which collects modern and contemporarycultural relics since the Opium War in 1840. Among them, the memorial to LinZexu's destructed opium of Humen, the imperial edict of Emperor Xuan of the QingDynasty, the first five-star red flag that was raised when the founding ceremonywas held.
Dear friends: now, we come to Tiananmen Square. Let me give you a briefintroduction. Tiananmen Square is the largest city center square in the is located in the center of Beijing. Tiananmen Square is rectangular, 880meters long from north to south, 500 meters wide from east to west, with a totalarea of 440000 square meters. If people stand shoulder to shoulder on thesquare, the whole square can hold 1 million people, that is to say, 1 / 13 ofthe total population of Beijing can stand here at the same time, big enough!
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the square was not so big. At that time, itwas in the shape of "t". The horizontal line of "t" was our Chang'an Streettoday, and the vertical line was the long strip area from the current nationalflag pole to the memorial hall of Chairman Mao. On both sides of this area,government organs were distributed according to the pattern of r liberation, the buildings on both sides of the original square weredemolished, thus forming the basic pattern of today's Square.
Around Tiananmen Square, there are many famous buildings. Now I'd like tomake a brief introduction clockwise. Let's start with the Great Hall of thepeople on the west side of Tiananmen Square. The Great Hall of the people islocated on the west side of Tiananmen Square. It is the place where the NationalPeople's representatives participate in politics, discuss politics, hold majormeetings and exercise sovereignty. It was built in 1959, with a maximum heightof 46.5 meters , is the tallest building in the square now. The whole hallconsists of three parts: the office building of the Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress in the south, the Great Hall of ten thousand peoplein the middle and the state banquet hall in the north. It took only 10 monthsfrom the design to the completion of the whole building, which is a miracle inthe history of Chinese architecture.
At the north end of the square is the familiar Tiananmen tower, which isthe symbol of new China. On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao solemnly declared tothe people all over the world, "the people's Republic of China is founded! TheChinese people stand up from now on!"
On the east side of the square stands the Museum of Chinese history and theMuseum of Chinese revolution, which was completed in 1959. It is the main placefor collecting and displaying ancient and modern Chinese historical relics andrevolutionary relics.
To the south of the monument to the people's Heroes is the Chairman MaoMemorial Hall. There used to be a gate there. It was called Daming gate in theMing Dynasty and Daqing gate in the Qing Dynasty. It was changed to ZhonghuaGate in the Republic of China and was demolished after liberation. AfterChairman Mao died in 1976, a solemn and solemn Chairman Mao Memorial Hall wasbuilt on its base. The memorial hall was built in 1977 to commemorate the greatleader Chairman Mao. Now Chairman Mao's body is safely lying in the crystalcoffin for people to hang on, look forward to and express their deeprespect.
In the middle of the square stands the monument to the people's heroes,China's first monument. It is built to commemorate the people's heroes who haveshed their heads and blood for the independence and freedom of the Chinesenation since the Opium War in 1840 and the founding of the people's Republic ofChina in 1949. The whole monument, 37.94 meters high, is located on adouble-layer base, surrounded by eight white marble reliefs, reflecting China'snearly 100 years of revolutionary history. On the back of the monument areinscriptions drafted by Chairman Mao and written by Premier Zhou. On the frontare eight gold-plated characters inscribed by Chairman Mao himself: "thepeople's heroes are immortal.".
Tiananmen Square is a witness of modern Chinese revolution. The May 4thmovement, the March 18th massacre and the December 9th massacre all took placehere. Tiananmen Square is also a witness to the birth of new China and the happylife of the people today. Now, it has been rated as "China's first scenery" bythe people all over the country. Every day, friends from home and abroad come tovisit it.
OK! No more! You must want to take some pictures here. Now, please takepictures freely. We will gather at the North flag pole in 10 minutes. Thankyou!
三優範文網